https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Admin 2026-06-17T09:39:41Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.44.0 https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3084 2022-08-11T09:14:49Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was '''Shravanii Purnima''' (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: '''''&quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home.<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot;''''' Baba said.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> '''''Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back.<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said:<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot;''''' With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3083 2022-08-11T09:13:31Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was '''Shravanii Purnima''' (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> '''''&quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: ''&quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;''<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home.<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot;'' Baba said.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> ''Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot;''<br /> <br /> They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back.<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;''<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said:<br /> <br /> ''&quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;''<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> ''&quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot;'' With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3082 2022-08-11T08:52:38Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was '''Shravanii Purnima''' (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot;''<br /> <br /> That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: ''&quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;''<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home.<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot;'' Baba said.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> ''Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot;''<br /> <br /> They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back.<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;''<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said:<br /> <br /> ''&quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;''<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> ''&quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot;'' With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3081 2022-08-11T08:47:30Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was '''Shravanii Purnima''' (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> ''&quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot;'' That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: &quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home. &quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot; Baba said. Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot; They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back. &quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said, &quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> &quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot; With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3080 2022-08-11T08:46:22Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was '''Shravanii Purnima''' (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> &quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot; That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: &quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home. &quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot; Baba said. Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot; They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back. &quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said, &quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> &quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot; With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Shravani_Purnima&diff=3079 2022-08-11T08:44:16Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was Shravanii Purnima (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>It was 1939. Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar was staying with His maternal uncle at Bagbazar, Calcutta. He was a first-year student of science at Vidyasagar College. It was Shravanii Purnima (the full moon day of the lunar month Shravana, that is, mid-July to mid-August). The evening was closing in. Small patches of clouds wandered across the sky playing hide and seek with the moon. The gentle ripples of the Ganges River were dancing with the gentle breeze. The calm waters of the river shone brilliantly with the reflection of the silvery moon.<br /> <br /> Kashi Mitra Ghat, a cremation ground, on the bank of the Ganges, Calcutta was desolate in those days. Rarely did anyone visit the area after sunset. The residential area was a little way from there. After burning their dead, people left the place as early as possible. Nobody would dare to stay there after nightfall. It was not a safe place to be. Many robbers and antisocial elements infested that place, the notorious Kalicharan Banerjee not the least of them. He was a terror.<br /> <br /> After dark, the area was completely deserted. Such was the bleak atmosphere at Kashi Mitra Ghat where Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, a seventeen-year- old boy, was sitting all alone deeply absorbed within Himself. He was wearing a white dhoti and a shirt. His figure stood out from the shadows, shimmering in the soft transparent whiteness of the night. He attracted the attention of at least one observer. Kalicharan was standing in the shadows watching Him. Certainly, such a handsome young man must have money and other valuables in his possession. Sharp knife in hand, Kalicharan silently advanced toward the youth. He planned to jump him and snatch whatever he had. Kalicharan took every precaution not to make the slightest noise so that his prey might not get alarmed and flee.<br /> <br /> But what was that? Someone called him by name. So distinctly, and so mild the voice. Kalicharan was stunned. He could not believe his own ears. He was puzzled; his steel nerves trembled. Who could it be?<br /> <br /> &quot;Welcome Kalicharan; do come here. It is for you that I have been waiting for so long.&quot; That enchanting voice once again! Could the youth have seen him through he was creeping stealthily? But he was facing the river, how could He have seen? Did He have eyes in the back of His head? Who is this youth? Kalicharan was very perturbed.<br /> <br /> The mysterious but affectionate voice came again: &quot;Kalicharan, don't waste time. I have been waiting for you.&quot;<br /> <br /> That a human voice could be so sweet and affectionate was beyond his experience. His hard, unfeeling heart that could not be swayed by emotion, gave way to unknown, dormant feelings. As if hypnotized, he stepped forward towards the stranger, the upraised knife automatically turned downwards. As he came near, the young Prabhat Ranjan invited him to sit by His side. Kalicharan obeyed like a sleepwalker. Prabhat Ranjan then started talking to Kalicharan and told the story of his life. Kalicharan began to realize that this stranger was not an ordinary person. His savior had come to lift him up from dark samskaras, accumulated through hundreds of previous lives. So no more wasting time. The notorious robber surrendered himself completely. He took a quick bath in the Ganges and seated himself as directed by his newfound Guru.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan got initiated. The dreaded killer of Kashi Mitra Ghat was no more. His old self was thrown away, lost forever. After initiation was over, Kalicharan's eyes were opened to Truth. He prostrated before the unknown young man. He took a vow to devote himself to the service of humankind.<br /> <br /> It was past midnight now. How swiftly time had passed! It was time for Prabhat Ranjan to return home. &quot;Now let me go back, Kalicharan!&quot; Baba said. Kalicharan certainly knew of the dangers of walking alone in the area. How could he allow his young guru to take the risk? So he said he would accompany Baba to His house.<br /> <br /> Baba said, &quot;I don't think there is any need for you too. If, however, you want, you are welcome to come along.&quot; They talked along the way and finally arrived at His maternal uncle's house at Bagbazar. Kalicharan was relieved of his anxiety and began to take leave of Baba. He did not go far when Baba called him back. &quot;Kalicharan, listen. One very important matter has not yet been settled.&quot;<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, a bit nervous, came running back. In a very sweet and touching tone, the young guru said, &quot;I leave no one's desires unfulfilled. If anybody truly wants anything from me, I don't disappoint him. This evening you were stealthily approaching me, with the thought of robbing me of what I had, isn't it so? Why should that desire remain unfulfilled? Here is a rupee. Take it. That is all that I have with me.&quot;<br /> <br /> With this word, Baba took a rupee coin from His pocket and gave it to Kalicharan. Even the most heart-rendering entreaties of the many innocent people he had robbed and murdered had not been able to arouse his feelings. How strange! These simple words from his guru had melted his heart. Kalicharan's eyes filled with tears. He dropped into pranam at His guru's feet. No, what can he possibly accept from whom he now owes an irredeemable debt? The unsolicited gift of priceless value he had received upon initiation has rendered everything else insignificant. He can not accept this!<br /> <br /> &quot;No, Kalicharan, no! It is my sacred obligation, my moral principle. You must accept it.&quot; With these words, Baba thrust the coin into his hand and closed the door.<br /> <br /> Kalicharan, experiencing a torrent of feelings. So sudden, so unexpected! What a miraculous change in his life in a few hours! The robber Kalicharan was now the sadhaka Kalikananda.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3078 2021-04-10T12:10:54Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[What is Prana Dharma?]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> == Remarks ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=What_is_Prana_Dharma%3F&diff=3077 2021-04-10T12:08:52Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;In this universe there are people whose thoughts, character and behaviour are similar – similar but not identical. Differences in human character and mentality, which are re...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>In this universe there are people whose thoughts, character and behaviour are similar – similar but not identical. Differences in human character and mentality, which are reflected in external human conduct, are due to varying propensities and tendencies. This is what accounts for the differences between people. Just as individual human beings have their distinctive characteristics, similarly, groups of people brought up in various geographical environments, historical eras, or cultural atmospheres, acquire their own group characteristics, too. Later those characteristics inherent in a particular group get mixed with the internal thoughts and ideas of other groups within a society. This leads to the development of national characteristics. In this way an entire national psychology – its external behaviour, its social outlook, and its philosophy of life – is developed. This process produces different national outlooks which distinguish one nation from another. It is also in this way that different human groups have developed different viewpoints towards life and the world. These differences are internal rather than external. Through proper education and well integrated social living in the individual and collective strata, internal qualities can be properly developed. Internal discipline in the psychic sphere of individual life is what we may call the Práńa Dharma of individual life.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> The words Prana Dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look. If we look at the racial stocks of the world, this fact becomes evident -- that in their approach of life, different races invariably differ from one another. This variation is less external and more internal. The gradual development of internal discipline springs directly from the mode of living and education. This internal discipline is known as Prana Dharma. To be more clear, when the vital expression of a race takes a particular course of manifestation, that course of manifestation is known as Prana Dharma.<br /> <br /> An example in depriving the Prana Dharma:<br /> <br /> &quot;The English colonialists were also cunning enough to discern the Prana Dharma of the people of India, and they deprived them of the freedom to express their Prana Dharma. The British wanted to bring the entire Indian race under their colonial grip to make the people slaves. They reformed the old educational system of India and bluntly introduced the English system of education. The English education system was contrary to that of India, because it was based on an objective approach and the complete denial of the subjective approach&quot;.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3076 2021-04-10T12:08:31Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[What is Prana Dharma?]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == Remarks ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3075 2021-04-10T12:06:02Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == Remarks ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3074 2021-04-10T12:02:32Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Psychology_and_character&diff=3073 2021-04-10T11:58:37Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&quot;Thus, due to biological change, the psychological reaction or reflection will change. For this biological transformation, one should practise a spiritual cult which changes t...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&quot;Thus, due to biological change, the psychological reaction or reflection will change. For this biological transformation, one should practise a spiritual cult which changes the human nerve cells and nerve fibres attached to those portions, and brings about changes in the hormonal secretions causing psychological changes. So, through the practice of a spiritual cult, changes come about in the nerve cells and nerve fibres.<br /> <br /> &quot;You should all learn the various psychologies of the different groups. You should learn about human psychology in particular, and about non-human animate psychologies. Though inanimate objects – gold, silver, iron, etc. – do not have psychology, they have characteristics. That is, each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic. When coming in contact with different entities, animate and inanimate, you should act according to the knowledge of their psychology or characteristics.<br /> <br /> &quot;By spiritual cult, spiritual sa´dhana´, you may bring about certain changes in your nervous system, nerve cells and nerve fibres, control the secretions of the hormones from different glands and sub-glands, and become elevated. By this process of elevation a person becomes superhuman and goes beyond the periphery of the common human psychology. Otherwise, the general rule is there. Here lies the necessity of spiritual practice. Without spiritual practice there cannot be such a change&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Human Body Is a Biological Machine</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Geology_and_Human_Civilization&diff=3072 2021-04-10T11:56:25Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;Baba&#039;s Discourse on: Geology and Human Civilization 28 December 1987, Anandanagar About 8000 million years ago, there was no solid structure in the world and the ear...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Baba's Discourse on:<br /> <br /> Geology and Human Civilization<br /> 28 December 1987, Anandanagar<br /> <br /> About 8000 million years ago, there was no solid structure in the world and the earth was a glowing gas. The land mass was formed only about 2330 million years ago. Eventually Gondwanaland was created. At that time, the middle portion of the earth was composed of the liquid factor.<br /> <br /> In those days there was no Arabian Sea, no Bay of Bengal and none of the islands presently there, no Indonesia and no Australia. There was no North India, no Tibet and no Himalayas. There was only one contiguous land mass from what is now the eastern portion of Africa, including South India and Malaysia, up to Australia. This land – the oldest land mass of the world – consisted mainly of a long island in an archipelago. What is now Canada and Argentina also existed at that time. This land – which covered what is presently the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Indonesian Archipelago, the Deccan plateau, South East Asia and Oceania – has been named Gondwana land by geologists because the Gond people of the Austric race lived in the central portion, although this portion was not the oldest part of the land. Even today the descendants of the Gond people still live in the Chattisgarhi area.<br /> <br /> Raìrìh – the oldest part of this Gondwanaland that has remained above the sea – was the birth place of human beings. The hills of Anandanagar in Raìrìh are also at least 300 million years old. At that time there was no Himalayas.<br /> <br /> == Ancient Earthquake ==<br /> <br /> Then at least 30 million years ago, a plutonic earthquake occurred. The land in the portions where the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are now was submerged under the sea and the present North India emerged. In the same earthquake, those parts which were previously hills became islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea after the earthquake. In this way a group of 503 oceanic islands, comprising Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines islands, was also formed. All this, including the emergence of the Himalayas, took place about 30 million years ago. The Himalayas are therefore approximately 30 million years old, but Gondwana land and Raìrìh are much older than that.<br /> <br /> The fossils of ocean creatures can be found in the Shivalik ranges. This is proof that at one time the Himalayan ranges were under water. The Indo-Gangetic plains were formed from the alluvial deposits of the Himalayas.<br /> <br /> The Sahara desert and the Thar desert of Sind and Rajasthan were previously under the sea, thus their sand dunes are of marine origin. These dunes are proof that these regions were under the oceans at one time.<br /> <br /> == Geology of Raìrìh ==<br /> <br /> There are five types of rock – hard rock, metallic rock, metamorphosed rock, igneous rock and sedimentary rock. The old hard rock of that time has now become dead rock. Examples of this rock are found around Aìnanda Nagar and Marapahari. Mara means “dead” and Pahari means “hill,” so Marapahari means dead hill. Marapahari is now colloquially called Marafari and officially called Bokaro Steel City. How can dead rock be identified? If one takes dead rock in the hand and crushes it, it will become dust.<br /> <br /> There are three types of volcanic eruptions – volcanic, plutonic and tertiary. In a volcanic earthquake, a great deal of old, hard rock comes to the surface. Whatever metal we find is associated with this old hard rock. Wherever this old hard rock is found, petroleum will not be found. Petroleum and mineral oil can only be found where there is sedimentary rock, such as in the Sargasso Sea. In the past, the rivers which merged into the Sargasso Sea formed a trough in the sea bed due to the pressure of the opposing currents. In this trough, the dead bodies of many large animals collected, and over the course of time they decomposed to form mineral oil.<br /> <br /> In Bankura and Purulia, we find iron, gold, tungsten, manganese and mercuric sulphide in old hard rock. In western Raìrìh there is less chance of finding petroleum.<br /> <br /> Petroleum can also be recovered from certain types of river valleys. Where the river bed is broad there is a chance of finding petroleum. Up to Durgapur the river-bed of the Damodar river is not so broad, so petroleum will not be found. Dam means “energy” and udar means “belly;” thus the Damodar river mean “the river which is carrying energy in its belly.” From Golsi between Burdwan and Durgapur, and down river to the Bay of Bengal, petroleum can be found in Hooghly, 24 Parganas, Nadia and Midnapur. Although the soil of the eastern portion of Burdwan is not as old as that of western Raìrìh, petroleum can be found there. Petroleum can also be found in Khulna and Barisal in Bangladesh and in some portions of Tripura. Offshore, off Midnapur district in Contai subdivision, petroleum can also be found. In geological and archaeological terms, western Raìrìh is similar to Kaoshal and eastern Raìrìh is similar to Utkal. (Kaoshal and Utkal are both parts of Orissa.) Thus, in geo-historical terms, Raìrìh is a land with a great deal of antiquity.<br /> <br /> == The Beginning of Human Civilization ==<br /> <br /> According to geology, there have been several ages on this planet. These ages include the Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene, Cretaceous, etc. The Pleistocene age is going on now. Each age has its distinctive identity, flora and fauna and leaves a mark. There have also been geological ages on other planets and stars. With the passage of time, physical changes take place according to the changes in time, space and person, and to adjust with these changes, psychic metamorphoses takes place. According to the development of the psychic structures of human beings, changes occur in the realm of thought and ideas. More development takes place in the psychic sphere than in the physical sphere, and physical structures undergo metamorphoses to adjust with psychic development. There is a marked difference between the male and the female body with regard to the degree of complexity.<br /> <br /> On this earth a tremendous psychic change took place 1,000,000 years ago. While human beings evolved about one million years ago, the present humans originated only 100,000 years ago, and a long time passed before they became civilized.<br /> <br /> Humanity’s journey on the path of civilization started only 15,000 years ago. This can be inferred from the fact that human beings began evolving language about this time. The oldest part of the Vedas belong to this period. There is a close similarity between the language used in the oldest part of the Vedas and the language of the people living 15,000 years ago. The Vedic civilization is the oldest civilization in the world.<br /> <br /> A full-fledged civilization, with the four symbols of advance ment – agriculture, the wheel, dress and script – started only about 7000 years ago. Human beings had grasped the rudimentals of these four inventions by this time. Pictorial letters were in vented less than 7000 years ago, and philosophy was discovered about 4000 years ago. The first philosopher was Maharsìi Kapil, who will be remembered and respected for all time.<br /> <br /> Cardinal human principles change little from age to age, but social values may change dramatically to keep pace with the dominant social psychology.<br /> <br /> == The Four Races ==<br /> <br /> The four major races are the Austrics, Aryans, Mongolians and Negroids. The differences among these races and sub-races can be easily discerned by two factors: the skull index and the nose index. The skull index is the distance from nose point to nose point around the skull, touching the hollow of the ears; and the nose index is the distance between the base of the nose and the tip of the nose. For example, the Aryans have a small nose index and a big skull index. Negroids have a big nose index, an ordinary skull index and curly hair. Their curly hair is due to a slightly larger than normal percentage of mercury in the fat at the root of the hair.<br /> <br /> 1) Austrics. The Austrics were the original inhabitants of Gondwana land. They were tribals known as Gonds – tall, and of black complexion. They were divided into two groups – the Raj gonds or leaders and the Dhruva gonds or ordinary gonds. The derivation of the word “Austric” is astra plus ikon, meaning those who carried weapons (astra). The names Australia and Austria come from the word Austric. The Austrics have medium-sized bodies, pointed noses and mud-black coloured skins.<br /> <br /> 2) Aryans. The Aryan or Caucasian race is comprised of three distinct sub-races: the Nordics, Alpines and Mediterraneans. The Nordics live near the North Pole. Their bodies are big, their skin is reddish white, their eyes are brown-coloured like those of cats and their hair is golden. They inhabit Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Finland and northern Russia. The Alpines have medium-sized bodies, blue hair, blue eyes and milky white skin colour. They inhabit Germany, France, Western Europe and parts of Asia. The Mediterraneans have black hair and black eyes. They inhabit South Caucasia, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Jammu people are from the Mediterranean stock.<br /> <br /> 3) Mongolians. The Mongolians have five district sub-races: Nipponese (Japanese), Chinese, Malay, Indo-Burmese and Indo-Tibetans. The Nipponese have big faces, flat noses and big bodies. The Chinese have flat noses and slanting eyes. They are short in stature with muscular bodies. Like all Mongolian sub-races, their skin is a yellowish colour and they have little hair on their bodies. The Malays, who inhabit Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, have thin figures, small bodies and flat noses. The Filipinos have small faces. The Indonesian, Thai and Malay languages are of Samìskrta origin. The Indo-Burmese people who have flat noses and comparatively big bodies, inhabit an area covering Tripura, Manipur, Mithai, Mizoram, Burma, Thailand and Assam. The Indo-Tibetan people inhabit an area which includes Tibet, Laddakh, Kinnaur, Nepal, Garo, Tharu, Gurung, Newari, Sherpa, Bhutia, Lepcha, Khasia and North Bengal. Their figures are like the Aryans. They have flat noses, are good looking and their language is a mixture of Samìskrta and Tibetan. They frequently use nasal sounds when speaking, and their script is Tangada. In Indo-Tibetan phonetics, the sound “Ra” is sparsely used. Among the Indo-Tibetans, the males have thin beards and mustaches and the females have flat breasts. The girls are very laborious: they can do physical work continuously for long peri ods. Their lymphatic glands are well-developed, and they have a lot of stamina which enables them to ascend and descend hilly tracts.<br /> <br /> 4) Negroids. The Negroids have three distinct sub-races: the general Negroids, who are five and half to six feet tall, the Zulus, who are six feet or more in height, and the Pygmies, who are less than five feet tall. Steps should be taken to protect the Zulus and the Pygmies.<br /> <br /> == Blended Races ==<br /> <br /> There has been much blending and mixing amongst the people of the different races and sub-races. Some examples of blended races in India include the Bengalees, who are a mixture of the Austric, Mongolian and Negroid races, the South Indian Austrico-Negroids or Dravidians, and the people of Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. Those who have fair complexions amongst the Bengalees have Aryan blood. In Raìrìh there is less Mongolian blood, and in the north east there is more Mongolian blood. Although the Bengalees are of Austrico-Mongolian-Negroid stock, the Mongolian influence diminishes as one moves south-west, and increases to the north east. Although the people of Mithila are of Austrico-Mongolo-Negroid origin, their structure becomes broad where there is an excessive influence of the Mongolian race. In Bengal the body size becomes smaller as we move towards the east, but towards the west the body size increases and the people are taller. If an imaginary line is drawn connecting Arambagh, Burdwan, Kishanganj and Angara, it will be found that people living along this line are taller in size. Beyond the River Sone, the body size again be comes bigger and the size of the cattle is also larger. In Gaya and Aurangabad people are smaller compared to the people of Bhojpur who are bigger in size. The cattle of this region also follow the same pattern: the local Zebus of this region are known as Pattni-gai (a type of cow) and are of ordinary size. They are taller than Indian Zebus but shorter than western cows.<br /> <br /> Another blended race is located in South India. South Indian Brahmins have fair complexions as they originally came from the north. The people of Madras, who are dark in colour, are part of the Austrico-Negroid sub-race. South Indian Brahmins are called Ayyars and Ayangars; Ayyars are Shaevas and Ayangars are Vaesìnìavas.<br /> <br /> A third example of racial blending is amongst the people of Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. They are a mixed race of the Mediterranean sub-race and the Austric race. Their colour is blackish. Once Sirmaur covered an area from Kumaun to Simla. The Rajputs migrated there (to Sind) from Rajasthan during the reign of Aurangzeb.<br /> <br /> In Kinnaur the skin colour of the people is yellowish or brown and their noses are flat; the people are as attractive as an gels. The derivation of the word Kinnaur is kin plus narsh meaning, “Are they human or angels?” As the people were very attractive, the place where they settled was called Kinnaur. Similarly, the land of Tibet is known as Kim Purusìa Varsìa. There the males have scant facial hair. They also wear pigtails, so it is difficult to distinguish between males and females.<br /> <br /> India has two groups of Mediterranean Caucasians, the Cytheo-Mediterraneans or the Gujuratis who have triangular faces and the pro-Cytheo-Mediterraneans or the Marathiis. They descended from the Shakas, Huns, Kushanas and Yucins. They came in the second phase of the Buddhist era during Kanisìka.<br /> <br /> == The Semitic Race ==<br /> <br /> The Semitic race is an important blended race. The Semitic race is a blending of Central Mongolians, Alpines, Mediterraneans and Negroids. This blending took place 15,000 years ago and is known as the Semitic race of today. This race is characterized by its perserverence, intellectual orientation and high degree of tenacity. Their original abode was the central and southern portions of West Asia (now commonly known as the Middle East), excluding Persia.<br /> <br /> The original Semitic tongue was bifurcated into northern and southern languages about 1500 years ago. The metamorphosed southern group is Arabic and the metamorphosed form of the northern group is Hebrew. People of the northern group have fair complexions but they are a bit less fair than the Mediterraneans, and the people of the southern group have a darkish brown tinge in their complexions. Both the old Hebrew and Arabic languages are written from right to left, and both are of course related as is obvious by the following word comparison:<br /> <br /> &lt;pre&gt;<br /> <br /> Old Hebrew <br /> Arabic<br /> Joseph<br /> Yusef<br /> Jacob<br /> Yacub<br /> Solomon<br /> ; Sulomon<br /> Adam<br /> Aìdam<br /> Jesus<br /> Isìa<br /> Moses<br /> Musa<br /> Socrates<br /> Sukraìt<br /> Mary<br /> Mirian<br /> Alpha<br /> Alif<br /> Alexandrina<br /> Sikandria<br /> Palestine<br /> Filistan<br /> <br /> &lt;/pre&gt;<br /> <br /> Both the Hebrew and Arabic sub-races follow the system of circumcision, which is an ancient practice of the Semitic people irrespective of caste, creed or nationality. In ancient times both the sub-races had a network of lanes branching from the main road of the town, and the people were fond of restaurants or eating houses. Islam, Judaism and Christianity are all Semitic religions and have fixed days of worship – Friday, Saturday and Sunday respectively. In Samìskrta, Semitic is called “samiti.”<br /> <br /> == Language ==<br /> <br /> In Tibetan, Ladakhi, Kinnauri and Pahari-Punjabi, the verb is used less and the gerund or verbal adjective is used more. For example, “Ram is going,” or, “Ram is in a moving stage” (Ram chaludasa). In Samìskrta and the language spoken by the Indo-Tibetans, nasal sounds (anusvara) are common. Bengali letters and tadbhava letters are very similar. There are Indo-Tibetan influences on the Bengali language.<br /> <br /> Kash means “to oppress.” Those who give pain, who oppress, are kash. Kash Rajputs oppressed the indigenous population. In Mundari, dikka also means to oppress or give pain. So outsiders are called Dikku. Kash plus meru equals Kashmir. From Kashmir carpenters went to Himachal. So they are called kashmeru (or suradhar in Bengali). The word Arya has come from the root verb “R” plus suffix “yat” meaning “double march” or “moving speedily.”<br /> <br /> Shiva was Indo-Tibetan. He had three wives – Parvati, Ganga and Kali. Gauri Parvati was Aryan and had a reddish white complexion (Gaur varna), Ganga was Mongolian and had a pale complexion, and Kali was Negroid. Shiva’s mode of transportation was the yak.<br /> <br /> Polyandry is prevalent in Kinnaur, Laddakh and Tibet. The Drupad Kingdom was in Kinnaur or Tibet: Draupadi, the wife of the five Pandavas, came from here. Bengalees partially follow the matrilineal system, and in Bengal more importance is given to women compared with other parts of India.<br /> <br /> About 900,000 to one million years ago, the top of the Dimdiha Hill, near Anandanagar, was blown off by a volcanic eruption. The debris fell within a radius of about two miles, killing all of the people and animals living there. Due to the abrupt change in temperature, they were fossilized. Uneducated people called this explosion the work of the goddess Candi. This kind of volcanic eruption is called “jvala-mukhi” in Samìskrta.<br /> <br /> Spiritual practice (saìdhanaì) was first started by the Mediterranean Caucasians and the Indo-Tibetans.(1) Later on, it was learnt by the Mongolians and the Alpine Caucasians, and still later by the Nordic Caucasians. Ananda Marga was the first to teach saìdhaìnaì amongst the Negroids. The Rg Veda cult was started by the Aryans, but the practice of saìdhaìnaì originated in India.<br /> <br /> The unity in diversity amongst all the races and sub-races of the human society is the pinnacled entity, Parama Purusìa. Parama Purusìa is the Absolute, the Supreme, the nonattributional Entity of all the attributional entities, the Father of all fathers.<br /> <br /> == Footnotes ==<br /> (1) The author’s Raìrìh: The Cradle of Civilization adds to this list of early practitioners of saìdhanaì, saying: “The people of Raìrìh are a mixture mainly of two races, Austric and Negroid. In eastern Raìrìh there is also some Mongolian influence” and “Lord Sadaìshiva… was born. The people of Raìrìh came in touch with His eternal gospel and infallible guidance… Thus Raìrìh became the cradle of civilization.” Elsewhere the author has described Lord Shiva as the first propounder of systematic saìdhanaì. –Trans.<br /> <br /> 28 December 1987, Anandanagar &lt;br&gt;<br /> Published in: &lt;br&gt;<br /> A Few Problems Solved Part 9 &lt;br&gt;<br /> Prout in a Nutshell Part 16 [a compilation]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Rarh&diff=3071 2021-04-10T11:55:03Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;In SHABDA CAYANIKÁ PART 2, DISCOURSE 8 (IIGAL TO IIKS&#039;AN&#039;AKA/ IIKS&#039;AN&#039;IKA/ IIKS&#039;ANIKA&#039;) it says: &quot;I had gone to Ranchi for a few days in relation to an idea I had that the c...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>In SHABDA CAYANIKÁ PART 2, DISCOURSE 8 (IIGAL TO IIKS'AN'AKA/ IIKS'AN'IKA/ IIKS'ANIKA') it says:<br /> <br /> &quot;I had gone to Ranchi for a few days in relation to an idea I had that the civilization of the Koyel River-valley found in the west of Ranchi District was a branch of the Rarhi civilization of central Gondwanaland. To the east of Ranchi was the Suvarnarekha River-valley, which in terms of language, culture and heritage belonged to Rarh. Each day I would go to one or two different spots in the Suvarnarekha River-valley in search of archaeological artifacts of ancient Rarh.&quot; <br /> <br /> &quot;All day long I travelled like a whirlwind from village to village in Ranchi District's Silli area and the Jhalda and Jaipur areas of what was at that time Manbhum District, just adjacent to it. This region is also worthy of being recognised by archaeologists as the cradle of Rarhi civilization. Here the Suvarnarekha River-valley, Kamsavati River-valley and Damodar River-valley (Alkushi, Kupai, Uttara' or Chot'ki Guyai and Daks'in'a' or Bar'ki Guyai) are all close to each other and I was able to discover many things there.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;The far western fringe of Rarh, where the Suvarnarekha, Kansavati and Damodar River-valleys come together, we can call the cradle of both Rarhi and human civilization.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;I was quite pleased with the prospect of presenting the land of Rarh in a new way to people. And I was especially pleased, looking at the<br /> straightforward faces of these dark-complexioned, Austrico-Scythian-Negroid people of Rarh, to think that, though they are neglected today, at one time they were perched at the summit of civilization. They were the forefathers of human civilization and the trumpets of Bengali civilization.&quot;<br /> <br /> ----<br /> ----<br /> <br /> &quot;Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress. The intermingling of the basins of small and big rivers and the exchange of activities and ideas, laid the foundation for the civilization and the culture of Rarh, whose splendour in turn ushered in a golden dawn not only in Rarh, but also in the life of all of the underdeveloped humanity of that dark age.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;Human beings originated at a few particular points in this planet. Even without getting into a detailed discussion as to which humans appeared first and which appeared later, I can say that origin of humankind in Rarh is very ancient. No trace can be found of any more ancient human habitation.&quot;</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=The_bird_is_telling&diff=3070 2021-04-10T11:50:29Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;This story by Baba was told in 511 Jodhpur Park Kalkota, in the earl 80&#039;s. &quot;A maulavi (Muslim Priest) was passing through a forest and a bird was chirping beautifully. The Ma...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>This story by Baba was told in 511 Jodhpur Park Kalkota, in the earl 80's.<br /> <br /> &quot;A maulavi (Muslim Priest) was passing through a forest and a bird was chirping beautifully. The Maulavi said Aha the bird is telling Allah Muhammad Hazrat.<br /> <br /> &quot;Then a Hindu Pandit was passing through the same way. He said Ha ha what the bird is telling? It is saying Ram Siita Dashrat. Foolish people do not understand.<br /> <br /> &quot;Now a pehalvan (wrestler) was passing. He heard the bird and said. See, the foolish people tell me do not do exercise so much, your brain will not develop. See this bird so informed, tells Dand Baithak Kasrat.<br /> <br /> &quot;Now a butler was passing . He said, Ah Ha, see people think that the work of a butler is inferior. See this bird, It is with Divine inspiration that the bird tells Pyaj Lasuun Adrak&quot;.<br /> <br /> Baba turned to me and asked &quot;What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest? I told Baba, &quot;I would have felt that the bird is saying, Baba Nam Kevalam&quot;.<br /> <br /> Baba roared in to laughter followed by the audience.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Indigenous_expression&diff=3069 2021-04-10T11:46:08Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;The Cosmic ideal alone can be the unifying force which shall strengthen humanity to smash all bondages and abolish all narrow domestic walls of fissiparous tendencies. All sen...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>The Cosmic ideal alone can be the unifying force which shall strengthen humanity to smash all bondages and abolish all narrow domestic walls of fissiparous tendencies. All sentiment provoking ideas should be firmly opposed.<br /> <br /> This does not mean an attack on those sentiments, traditions and habits which are innate and which do not hamper Cosmic development. For example, the movement for uniformity in dress for all people will be a ridiculous and irrational approach. Different selections of dress are the result of climatic factors and corporal necessities. Moreover, dissimilarity in dress is not detrimental to world fraternity. There will also be many zonal or regional differences as regards other traditions and customs. These should be appreciated and encouraged for the indigenous development of society. But under no circumstances should there be a compromise in principle or a yielding to tendencies detrimental to the inculcation of Cosmic sentiment.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Guru_Test&diff=3068 2021-04-10T11:45:10Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;==Introduction== This story illustrates the different cultures around the world withing the scenario of Ananda Marga. Its not about food or clothing differences usually seen a...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> This story illustrates the different cultures around the world withing the scenario of Ananda Marga. Its not about food or clothing differences usually seen as culture but the cultural mental behavior of the people. The so-called &quot;frame of mind&quot; or [[Prana Dharma]] inherited from our parents. Its an unchangeable frame. The decision making and conclusion how an Australian or Filipino or American or German processes through his/her neurons will always be as per the culture they grew up. Not a weakness but an inborn strength when realizing its potentiality. Never allow to be suppressed or oppressed. One of the four guarantee of fundamental rights of Prout: [[Indigenous expression]].<br /> <br /> ==Story==<br /> An announcement was sent to all sectors asking one Margii from each country (or state) to attend a &quot;Guru test&quot;. The test is to jump from a high cliff. The Margiis had one month to prepare themselves.<br /> <br /> '''Preparation'''<br /> <br /> ''Germany'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> The Germans took the announcement as a test of discipline. They consider when order is maintained, everything is normal; when rules are broken, chaos and anarchy can result. Individuals must, therefore, effectively play their role as per the system for the system to function well for all.<br /> <br /> ''Philippines'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> The Filipinos organized one big gathering to consult with each another. There is a strong need for all involved in or affected by an action or decision to be consulted. The group orientation is very strong; individuals typically will not do things, say things, or make decisions until they are sure that those who are affected by a program or proposal are ready for it.<br /> <br /> ''Bengal''&lt;br&gt;<br /> Among Bengales there was no doubt, its the test of Baba.<br /> <br /> ''Tamil'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> The Tamils were ready for the test but consulted what the AM slogans and sutras are saying.<br /> <br /> In general the Indians is a moderately collectivistic in which an individual's decisions must be in harmony with the family, group, and social structure. Success and failure are often attributed to environmental and cosmological factors. Friendships and kinships are ususally more important than expertise. But when its about Baba, then nothing else matters.<br /> <br /> ''Australia'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> Australians with their fact oriented approach studied Baba's books. Not because of being unsure, they knew exactly who they are and where they fit in Ananda Marga and don't need to prove anything to anyone. But to have a proper reply if asked.<br /> <br /> ''France'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> One of the most important aspects among French is the belief in the ability of the rational mind, when correctly applied, to overcome problems and find solutions. The process or way in which they think is often more important than the outcomes or conclusion of their thoughts, for they need not worry about the conclusion if the process is correct. This deductive method results in an enormous emphasis on why things are done, sometimes resulting in a masterful work of art, a beautifully executed speech, or an idea with questionable practical application.<br /> <br /> ''America''&lt;br&gt;<br /> American asked themselves if this a rational test. In general the Americans value individualism; that is, the idea that one should separate him- or herself from the group and strike out on one's own. The true hero is someone who achieves his or her own and in his or her own way,<br /> <br /> ''England'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> The English value the individualist; that is, someone who develops his or her unique identity within the group, within the borders. Practical past empirical success, however achieved, is the reason for doing things a certain way.<br /> <br /> ''Argentina''&lt;br&gt;<br /> Argentines gathered themselves together and discussed all the details and formed a committee. In Argentina most individuals will always seek, either formally or informally, the opinions and support of family, friends, and coworkers before venturing off to do or say something on their own. While individuals are responsible for their decisions, the group in all its forms (extended family, work relationships, community) plays a powerful role in the decisions that individuals make.<br /> <br /> ''Italy''&lt;br&gt;<br /> The Italians spoke loudly about the importance of the test, though, among themselves difficulties to make a decision when uncertain of success and delayed in bureaucracy. As with other Latin cultures, there is a strong reliance on the deductive process: how things are being done may be more important than the final result. Therefore, in Italy, things must appear as good as they essentially need to be; however, because there is an inherent disbelief in the effectiveness of human action, there is sometimes a greater emphasis placed on the appearance of things than on how they actually are.<br /> <br /> ''Nigeria'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> In general, Nigerians are prone to taking risks, especially when in positions of authority or to follow orders. Nigeria, like all Africans, have a hierarchical sense of loyalties.<br /> The interpretation of the test dependent upon &quot;analogous&quot; reasoning, while the Margiis in West on &quot;argument'&quot; (proving and disproving). Decisions and actions therefore became the result of reasoning not directed at a determination of truth, but rather context-based correctness based on similar experiences with Baba's books.<br /> <br /> ''Japan'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> All forms of logic are used in a more holistic way in Asia, so that while process and experience are important steps in arriving at a conclusion, the path may not be linear or progressive. Things occur, thought patterns included, not necessarily in a sequential or progressive way, but in a more holistic way. &lt;br&gt;<br /> The Japanese Margiis didn't search for sequences, but all the facts that must be brought forward, as the situation deems it, and then sit back and evaluate the total result. In Japan everyone will wait for more instruction and all the participating members will start to work cooperatively at producing a result. This tendency on the part of Japanese individuals not to do something until they are confident that it meets with the approval of others does not mean that they do not promote their own ideas. But it does mean that until one's way has won the approval and support of others, it will be very difficult to get things done.<br /> <br /> ''Sweden''&lt;br&gt;<br /> The Swedes are generally in the middle in this category (“lagom”), but they will see and act on opportunities. However, it will not be without first giving careful thought and consideration to all sides, participants, and details. Everyone involved must be brought into the consultation. New information is not taken at face value: it is usually suspect at first. Once decided, the Margiis were searching who is the best person for the test. It is considered the best personal action is one that provides the most good for all.<br /> <br /> '''At the day of test'''<br /> <br /> The German representative was first to arrive, exactly at the appointed time. The Japanese arrived next because punctuality also reflects other values, such as concern for the other person and humility before someone else's efforts. Then the British, Swede, and American. The Australian didn't considered a problem of being late for 10 minutes.<br /> <br /> The morning appointment was convenient for the Italian avoiding the midday heat. For the French this was a social occasion, arrived acceptably late. For the Argentinian it was essential that arrive at least 30 minutes to an hour later than the stated time. For Filipinos a schedule must always be loose, the clock takes a backseat to most other criteria for action. Also the Filipino didn't come alone but as a group.<br /> <br /> There is forgiveness for the inevitable delays and unexpected events that define life in Africa, and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled: people may or may not show up at invited events, so no one was sure if Nigeria will be represented. But came before the Indians. For the two Indians everyone had to wait one day. In a cosmic plan there is always a forgiveness to be late.<br /> <br /> '''The test'''<br /> <br /> The Bengale shout the name of Baba and jumped the cliff. The Tamil recited one slogan, explained the meaning, and jumped. The Argentinean said the committee told him not to jump.<br /> <br /> The German put one air glider on his back and jumped. The American said this test is not rational - if God is irrational and the child is not, then the child has to be followed. The Australian told a joke and jumped.<br /> <br /> The Italian walk gracefully to the cliff edge, looked down, took few step back, looked at everyone as this was a big occasion walking back and forth. When he jumped it was not sure if an accident - slipped off the edge. The French gave an excellent short lecture of true meaning of the test and how the Margiis had analyzed everything carefully, and debated all aspects until all was clear and agreed upon. The French didn't jump, everyone just forgot about it.<br /> <br /> The Nigerian appeared boldly, to some extent reckless to comfort the uncertainty. Spoke in metaphors, employed analogies and nonverbal behavior to convey true meaning of test. Everybody were patiently waiting. Constantly there was interruptions by other Nigerians or central Workers seemingly more important than the task itself. Not sure if it took one or two hours for the jump. <br /> <br /> When the Japanese found herself at the center of attention, did the formal Japanese greeting, the endless apologies for wrongs committed or not. Among the watching Margiis someone misunderstood her intention, felt pity and told not to jump. With no visible offence, she jumped. The Filipinos sang Kiirtan and all of them jumped. The British didn't get time to jump when busy in organising the event. Or more precisely managing his own frustration. This was an important function so things had to be managed by the book - no matter who, no matter what. Mostlikely, in the next test, next year, will be happy to jump first.<br /> <br /> At the end of the day all were saved and past the test.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Orientations&diff=3067 2021-04-10T11:43:47Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;== Independent or Dependent == Some cultures rewards individuals for standing out, empowering them to make decisions on their own, while other cultures insist that individuals...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Independent or Dependent ==<br /> Some cultures rewards individuals for standing out, empowering them to make decisions on their own, while other cultures insist that individuals fit into the group, making sure that no one does anything without the consent and support of others. So we have cultures that are '''other-independent''', and on the opposite end of the spectrum, cultures that are '''other-dependent'''.<br /> <br /> == Hierarchy or Egality ==<br /> Cultures might insist on honoring a societal hierarchy, structure, and organization, and they do so with all sorts of perks: titles, rank, different signs of respect, different roles for men and woman, and so on. Other cultures deemphasize the importance of such things, preferring to treat everyone as equals. So we have cultures that are '''hierarchy''' and organization oriented, and on the opposite end of the spectrum, cultures that are '''egality''' oriented.<br /> <br /> == Rule or Relationship ==<br /> A culture might place a value on devising system for organizing life, creating interconnected rules and regulations that must apply universally to all, while another culture might place more emphasis on the personal relationships that exist among people as the determinant of how to do things. So we have cultures that are '''rule''' oriented, and others that are '''relationship''' oriented.<br /> <br /> == Monochronic or Polychronic ==<br /> All societies have to handle moving through time, creating a way of understanding and simultaneously managing the flow of things. Cultures might place a great deal of importance on managing and controlling time. Fore these '''monochronic''' cultures, clocks, agendas, calendars, and deadlines determine what and when things are done, and time is a limited commodity that must be carefully managed. For other cultures, time exists, but it is not the determinant of people's actions. For these '''polychronic''' cultures, time stands in the background; there is usually plenty of it, and relationships and immediate needs usually determine what and when things are done.<br /> <br /> == Risk-taking or Risk-averse ==<br /> Some cultures might move quickly with a limited amount of information, while other cultures need a great deal of informations in order to make even a small decision. Therefore, cultures may be '''risk-taking''' or '''risk-averse'''.<br /> <br /> == Past or Future ==<br /> Do the people put more of their energy into maintaining what they alrady have, or do they value change for change's sake? A culture may be '''past''' oriented (and often more fatalistic), while another may be more '''future''' oriented (and often more controlling).<br /> <br /> == Low-context (direct) or High-context (indirect) Communicator ==<br /> All societies must make decisions about how they fit into, process, and deal with the larger world. Essentially, this means how that culture communicates, think, and plans. Some cultures might create, analyze, and communicate information very directly; they depend upon the meaning of the word, and don't embed information in the larger context of the situation. These cultures often place a high value on confrontation and absolute truth: they are '''low-context (direct)''' communicators. However, other cultures value the importance of communicating indirectly -- with actions and not only words -- and have subtle system in place for exchanging information appropriate to the situation and the environment through nonverbal behaviour. These cultures place a high value on the maintenance of smooth interpersonal relationships; they are '''high-context (indirect)''' communicators.<br /> <br /> == Process or Result ==<br /> One culture might place the greater emphasis on the process by which goals are achieved, while another culture places the greater emphasis on the goal itself, regardless of how it's achieved. Therefore, cultures can be '''process''' oriented (relying often on deductive logic) or '''result''' oriented (relying often on inductive logic). In addition, cultures may more associate in their thought processing; that is, they do things based on the way they know things always have been done, or how they are already being done in similar situation.<br /> <br /> == Formal or Informal ==<br /> Cultures might value the formal, established, reliable, and in some cases almost ritualized way or doing things, while other cultures might value change, informality, and spontaneity. Therefore, cultures may be '''formal''' or '''informal''' in their general orientation toward protocol itself.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Formal_or_Informal&diff=3066 2021-04-10T11:42:41Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; Cultures might value the formal, established, reliable, and in some cases almost ritualized way or doing things, while other cultures might value change, i...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Cultures might value the formal, established, reliable, and in some cases almost ritualized way or doing things, while other cultures might value change, informality, and spontaneity. Therefore, cultures may be '''formal''' or '''informal''' in their general orientation toward protocol itself.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Argentinian society in general (except perhaps for the upper-class ruling elite) is not as formal in a Catholic, conservative kind of way as some of the other countries in the region, but it is also not as informal in business or social life as North American society. Even the language is still divided into formal and informal forms and phrases. and personal behaviors are generally ruled by certain etiquette and protocol. Maintaining honor and personal respect is critical. and this, requires a general sensitivity to the issues of protocol.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> There is structured inequality in the roles people take, but personal equality is guaranteed by law. There is considerable ethnic and social bias against some minorities. Competition is the rule of life, but there is a strong feeling of the inter-dependency of roles. Excellence and decisiveness are prized haracteristics. Material progress is more important than humanistic progress. Traditional] sex roles are changing rapidly, but women are still fighting for equality in pay and power.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> Until one is brought into the inside. the Chinese culture is formal and keeps the outsider out: when one has earned respect and trust, and built enough good guanxi with important enough people, then one is on the inside. and action can be more spontaneous and informal. The Chinese can move easily and quickly between formal and informal; it is important to begin with an understanding of the culture's formal customs, but be prepared to adjust to informality as the opportunity presents itself.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> If there is a correct and incorrect way to get things done, then this also tends to formalize our relationships, both socially and in business. Colombian culture is perhaps the most formal of all culture&quot; in Latin America. Family members relate to each other according to formal rules that respect traditional family roles. Formality is rarely artificial or contrived; in fact. it is often caring and spontaneous. But it can be cool. detached, and respectful. Even the language is divided into formal and informal forms and phrases, and personal behaviors are ruled by etiquette and protocol. Maintaining honor and personal pride is critical, and this means a bit more formality. Never insult the honor. pride. or personal beliefs of a Colombian or his or her country, family, colleagues, or associates.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> Central African society is basically formal and ritualized. and each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference, and following (or not fol1owing) through on their responsibilities. There are formal ways that guests (outsiders) and hosts (insiders) must act toward one another. in order to preserve the honor of all groups and individuals. Nevertheless, and perhaps because of the multi ethnic nature of the country. Congolese are quick to adopt a breezy, informal manner with most individuals -- non-Africans included -- once a relationship has been established.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> Arab society is formal and ritualized, and each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference, and following (or not following) through on their responsibilities. They are even more formal when one is an outsider, which is always the case with non-Muslims.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> If there are &quot;correct&quot; and &quot;incorrect&quot; ways to get things done, then this also tends to formalize relationships, both socially and in business. French culture is a formal culture. Children are raised with care, discipline, and structure; society is organized-in the ancien regime into three estates, in the modem world into distinct social classes, each with its own identifying symbols; language is divided into formal and informal forms and phrases; and personal behaviors are ruled by etiquette and protocol. Simple, easy, and casual is not the basic nature of French culture: it is more formal, complicated, and structured.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> German culture can be quite formal, but that does not mean that Germans cannot be warm, sincere, and friendly; in fact, they often are, but with individuals whom they have grown to know and trust. Although it can take a long time, once relationships have been formed with Germans, they can he informal and casual. However, remember that there is a time and a place for everything in Germany, so one can be warm and friendly at home with friends, while still maintaining the required distance at work. Forma1ities are a way of maintaining cordial and working relationships with individuals until such time as more personal relationships may develop.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Indian society is formal and ritualized; each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference. and following (or not following) through on their responsibilities. It is even more formal when one is on the outside. or just beginning to estab1ish relationships with the in-group.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Indonesian society is formal and ritualized; and each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference, making face, treating different groups and different levels, and dealing with different situations. It is even more formal, when one is on the outside, or beginning to establish relationships with the in-group, Once inside, it is very personal, but rarely informal.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> In Italy, there are &quot;correct&quot; and &quot;incorrect&quot; ways to get things done, which tends to formalize human relationships, both socially and in business. Family members relate to one another according to formal rules that respect traditional family roles. This does not have to be artificial or contrived: in fact, it is often loving and spontaneous. But it is respectful and formal. Even the language is divided into formal and informal forms and phrases, and personal behaviors are ruled by etiquette and protocol. Honor and personal pride are critical, and this means a bit more formality. Never insult the honor or personal pride of the Italians, their families, their towns, or their friends.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> Japanese culture is one of the world's most formal. From the tea ceremony to the bow, from the way one conducts oneself with a geisha to the way a husband behaves with a wife, a father with a child, and a wife with a mother-in-law, the required behaviors are complex. There is inevitably a prescribed form for most relationships. <br /> <br /> Spontaneity is difficult to find in Japan: oxymoronically, there must be a time and a place for spontaneity, and it is usually over sake. This makes for the two contradictory elements of the Japanese personality already referred to briefly: the outer person, or “tatemae”, which reflects what one says, and the inner person, or “hanne”, which reflects what one truly feels and believes. The two may not be the same at anyone time, depending upon the circumstances. Tatemae is most often demonstrated in formal situations (in the office, with the boss, on the street), and honne is usually demonstrated under more spontaneous circumstances (at the bar at night, or at home in bed).<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> West African society is basically formal] and ritualized, and each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference, and following (or not following) through on their responsibilities. There are formal ways that guests (outsiders) and hosts (insiders) must act toward one another, in order to preserve the honor of all groups and individuals. Nevertheless, and perhaps because of the multi ethnic nature of the country, Nigerians have adopted a breezy, informal manner with most individuals -- non-Africans included -- that has become, in many ways, a defining hal1mark of their interpersonal communication style.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Philippine society is very formal, especially when one is on the outside, or beginning to establish relationships with the in-group. Once inside, it is very personal, and sometimes informal.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Poles are warm and generous, but not informal. Individuals are not admired for their ability to be spontaneous, they are admired for their ability to know and do the right thing in the right circumstance, through their adherence to established protocol and etiquette.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Russian society is both formal and spontaneous. The people can be overwhelmingly warm and generous, informal and inclusive. At other times, they can be formal, prescriptive, and demanding to the letter. In negotiations, for example, it will be essential to read and sign a &quot;protocol,&quot; a written statement taken at the end of practically every meeting to indicate both side's agreement to what was discussed. Nevertheless, this need for absolute detail is ignored when it comes to the final contract, which, although needing to be as absolutely ironclad and watertight as one can make it, is often ignored over time, due to the fact that circumstances change, and what might have been possible on the day the contract was signed is, in fact, no longer the case down the, road. These contradictory spontaneous and formal behaviors can reveal themselves either positively or negatively in both social and business situations.<br /> <br /> Russian formality requires, for example, that guests drink considerable vodka; it usually leads to great informality (if done well), but is itself a formal requirement. Russians have a term for not knowing the formalities, not knowing how to behave: it “nyekulturny” (uncultured). Nevertheless, the rules are expected to be known (the important ones are reviewed below).<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> Arab society is formal and ritualized, and each group has its own way of honoring the hierarchies, establishing respect and deference, and following (or not following) through on their responsibilities. They are even more formal when one is an outsider, which is always the case with non-Muslims.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Again, due to context, both value systems are held in the region: southern Slavs can be open, spontaneous, and informal as well as formal, closed, and reserved, while waiting to see the outsider show respect for their customs and manners.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> Sweden, of all the Scandinavian cultures, is probably the most formal, but formality is selective and appropriate only to specific situations. In general, Scandinavian culture is relaxed and not ritualized. “Lagom”, however, usually leads to disapproval of spontaneity and unbridled creativity, unless it quickly can be harnessed to the service of society. Individual expression must not challenge what is clearly socially acceptable and in the best interests of all.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Process_or_Result&diff=3065 2021-04-10T11:41:54Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; One culture might place the greater emphasis on the process by which goals are achieved, while another culture places the greater emphasis on the goal itse...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> One culture might place the greater emphasis on the process by which goals are achieved, while another culture places the greater emphasis on the goal itself, regardless of how it's achieved. Therefore, cultures can be '''process''' oriented (relying often on deductive logic) or '''result''' oriented (relying often on inductive logic). In addition, cultures may more associate in their thought processing; that is, they do things based on the way they know things always have been done, or how they are already being done in similar situation.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> As with other Latinos, there is a strong reliance on the deductive process: how things arc being done is as important as the final result. This is evident among the well-educated business elite. But Argentines, as we noted, are most comfortable using personal experience in order to make or justify a decision. While many Argentine businesspeople are influenced by facts and logic, persuasion is most successful when it confirms already existing beliefs.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> In negotiations, points are made by the accumulation of objective facts. These are sometimes biased by faith in the ideologies of democracy, capitalism, and consumerism, but seldom by the subjective feelings of the participants.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> Australians are open to evidence that has been reached through empirical research or deductive or inductive methods. They are rational and linear thinkers and rely on logic and proof as criteria for action. There is minimal reliance on subjective experience if facts prove otherwise: in fact. one's subjective experience will be identified and challenged quickly as an insubstantial reason for considering something.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> The Chinese. as is the case with all Asian peoples, are fully capable of employing (and do employ) meticulous logic. whether deductively or inductively; however, that is not necessarily the only process used to think things through, to make a case for something, or to understand people or events. A connection is made to the way similar situations have turned out, and in that sense, the Chinese also use associative, subjective logic. However. all forms of logic are used in a more holistic way in Asia. so that while process and experience are important steps in arriving at a conclusion, the path may not be linear or progressive. This is related to the polychronic nature of the culture: things occur. thought patterns included. not necessarily in a sequential or progressive way, but in a holistic way. In other words, the elements needed to make decisions are laid out ex positionally, when and as the circumstances require it, and add up to a conclusion only when viewed &quot;at once:' as if suddenly from forty thousand feel. Do not search for sequence: search for all the facts that must be brought forward. as the situation deems it. and then sit back and evaluate the total result. (This is one reason why it is essential in China to take good notes at every meeting! What people mean may not be clear at the table. but only upon later contemplation.)<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> As do other Latinos, Colombians rely strongly on the deductive process: how things are done being more important than the final result. This is evident among the well-educated business elite. But Colombians are also very subjective, and will often fall back on what they personally believe in order to make or justify a decision. While many Colombian businesspeople are influenced by facts and logic, persuasion is best when it confirms already existing beliefs.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> The interpretation of events and the determination of truth and right and wrong in Congolese society are context-bound, and not a philosophical search for absolutes. Decisions and actions therefore may be the result of reasoning that is not directed at a determination of truth, but rather context-based '&quot;correctness&quot; based on similar experiences. Combine this with a tendency to rely on subjective experience. and the Congolese mind is processing information. for the most part. in a different way than the Western mind. In fact, because of their negative experience with Western exploitation, it may he a struggle sometimes for most Africans-Congolese or otherwise-to even he open to Western ideas.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> Islamic law, and the complex study of Islam that developed in the Muslim world into its own field of scholastic inquiry, is fundamentally different from Western Greco-Roman philosophies of knowing. In Islam, interpretation and truth are dependent upon &quot;analogous&quot; reasoning, while in the West, such inquiry is based more on &quot;argument&quot; (proving and disproving). Decisions and actions therefore may be the result of reasoning that is not directed at a determination of truth, but rather context-based &quot;correctness&quot; based on similar experiences, often with the strict Islamic code as the only context. Combine this with a tendency to rely also on subjective experience, and the traditional Arab mind is processing information, for the most part, in a different way than the Western mind. Nevertheless, because of the familiarity with the West, there is an openness to new ideas and new ways of thinking in Egypt, but things will always be judged according to their subjective benefit, and the degree to which they support or challenge both personal beliefs and Islamic ideas.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> Perhaps precisely because the British have managed to devise a culture in which two so opposite traditions can still live and thrive side by side, it should not be surprising that the dominant thought orientation is one of inductive experience based on precedent, not a search for Platonic ideals or philosophical correctness. What appeals to the English is what has worked in the past: precedence. There is neither the (French) orientation to logical form, nor the (German) orientation to provable method; rather, practical past empirical success, however achieved, is the reason for doing things a certain way. The English are practical, empirical, and results oriented; therefore, no newer logic or better result sways them on its own if they are already satisfied with the results they have painstakingly achieved and currently enjoy.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> One of the most important aspects of French culture, therefore, is the belief in the ability of the rational mind, when correctly applied, to overcome problems and find solutions. The philosophical justifications for the _ch Revolution were found in a group of French thinkers known as the Philosophies; during the Revolution, that bastion to French Catholic faith. Notre-Dame, was renamed the Temple of Rational Thought. Descartes. the great French philosopher (who, no coincidence here, was also a mathematician) is remembered for his phrase &quot;Je pense, donc je suis&quot; (&quot;I think. therefore I am&quot;).<br /> <br /> Cartesian thought, and the rational application of deductive logic, is a skill that French schoolchildren learn throughout all their studies. Therefore, the process or way in which they think is often more important than the outcomes or conclusion of their thoughts, for they need not worry about the conclusion if the process is correct. The joke in France is that two French managers are discussing the merits of a business plan, and one says to the other, &quot;Well, I think it will work in practice. . . but it will never work in theory,&quot; This deductive method results in an enormous emphasis on why things are done, sometimes resulting in a masterful work of art, a beautifully executed speech, or an idea with questionable practical application. All are equally admired in France.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> If the French are concerned about &quot;why&quot; things are being done as they are, the Germans are concerned about &quot;how&quot; (leaving the Americans and the British to the &quot;what,&quot; &quot;when,&quot; and &quot;where&quot;). The objectivist traditions referred to earlier make Germans very linear thinkers, with a desire for facts, figures, details, and evidence. (Just look at the advertising in Germany: products and services are rarely sold solely on their emotional appeal; rather, facts and figures make up the justification for the purchase.)<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Associative and subjective experience-based logic predominates in most situations, but Indians often judge results according to the processes of Western logic that have become ingrained in the culture since the British were in control. This can result in much examination of issues, the outcome of which will still often be based on intuition, personal he1icfs, and past personal experience.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Indonesians, as is the case with all Asian peoples, are fully capable of employing (and do employing) meticulous logic, whether deductively or inductively; however, that is not necessarily the only process used to think things through, to make a case for something, or to understand people or events, A connection is made with similar situations, and Indonesians rely primarily on this associative, subjective logic.<br /> <br /> Chinese Indonesians often apply this in a holistic, non sequential way: process and experience are important steps in arriving at a conclusion, but the path may not be linear or progressive. This is related to the polychronio nature of the culture: things occur, thought patters included, not necessarily in a sequential or progressive way, but in a holistic way. In other Words, the elements needed to make decisions are laid out ex positionally, when and as the circumstances require it, and add up to a conclusion only when viewed &quot;at onee:' a~ if suddenly from forty thousand feet. Muslim Indonesians will also do this, but more because it is an effective way to avoid conflict if you don't want to talk about certain things at a certain time, Well-educated Indonesians employ an of these methods, with well-honed sophistication.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> As with other Latin cultures, there is a strong reliance on the deductive process: how things are being done may be more important than the final result. Therefore, in Italy, things must appear as good as they essentially need to be; however, because there is an inherent disbelief in the effectiveness of human action, there is sometimes a greater emphasis placed on the appearance of things than on how they actually are. (Mussolini was said to have arranged for the same troops to march around the square over and over again to give the appearance he had more soldiers than he really did.) Presentations must be beautifully and artfully packaged. Individ­uals must look good: the package may be more important than what's inside.<br /> <br /> But Italians are also associative in their logic, based on what has worked with others in similar situations (even when the two situations may not be directly related to each other). Therefore, despite the obvious merits of an idea, if it doesn't fit with an individual's subjective experience or opinion, it is often rejected. In addition, the risk-averse nature of Italian culture means much infor­mation and detail must be analyzed. For these reasons, Italians may not under­stand or be able to follow through with the actions necessary to put the plans in place. It is therefore all the more important for non-Italians to stay involved with them, helping them to implement what has been agreed to.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> The Japanese, as is the case with all Asian peoples, are fully capable of employing (and do employ) meticulous logic, whether deductively or inductively; however, that is not necessarily the only process used to evaluate things, to make a case for something, or to understand an issue. A connection is made to other similar circumstances, and in that sense, the Japanese also use associative, subjective logic. However, all forms of logic are used in a more holistic way in Asia. so that while process and experience are important steps in arriving at a conclusion, the path may not be linear or progressive. This is related to the polychronic (or not timebound) nature of the culture: things occur, thought patterns included, not necessarily in a sequential or progressive way, but in a more holistic way. <br /> <br /> Do not search for sequence: search for all the facts that must be brought forward, as the situation deems it, and then sit back and evaluate the total result. (This is one reason why it is essential in Asia, Japan included, to take good notes at every meeting! What people mean may not be clear at the table. but may be upon later contemplation.)<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> Islamic law, and the complex study of Ilam that developed in the Muslim world into its own field of scholastic inquiry, is fundamentally different from Western Greco-Roman philosophies of knowing. In Islam, interpretation and truth are dependent upon &quot;analogous&quot; reasoning, while in the West, such inquiry is based more on &quot;argument'&quot; (proving and disproving). Decisions and actions therefore may be the result of reasoning that is not directed at a determination of truth, but rather context-based correctness based on similar experiences, often with strict Islamic experience, for both Muslims and non-Muslims, and the Nigerian mind is processing information. for the most part. in a different way than the Western mind: in fact. because of their negative experience with Western exploitation, it may be a struggle sometimes for most Africans--West, Nigerian. or otherwise-to even be open to Western ideas.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Filipinos, perhaps because of their experience with the West, use a combination of Latin European and deductive logic, American inductive logic, and indigenous Philippine associative logic. If things do not fit with their own subjective experience and beliefs, it may be difficult to get Filipinos to agree to them. The polychronic nature of society additionally provides a holistic approach to a problem solving, where things may not looked at systematically or sequentially.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Subjective experience, belief, and judgment are as important as proof, evidence, and logic. While Poles admired the intellectual developments of the west, their own experience (the Polish &quot;renaissance&quot; of the sixteenth century, exemplified by such figures as the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, and increased freedom for certain minority groups -- i.e., the Jews) had limited impact on the ultimate fate of their country in the face of greater European events. Therefore, while facts and figures, proof and logic count, they rarely tip the scale against feeling, intuition, belief, and associative experience.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Subjective experience, belief, and judgment are probably more important than evidence and logic, Russians admire the intellectual developments of the West, but do not trust them. There fore, while facts and figures, proof and logic count, they rarely tip the scale against feeling, intuition, and associative experience. This will make for a repetitive kind of bargaining, which will have little impact on the outcome, the outcome instead being determined by other factors, such as decision makers and conditions or situations beyond your control.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> Islamic law, and the complex study of Islam that developed in the Muslim world into its own field of scholastic inquiry, is fundamentally different from Western Greco-Roman philosophies of knowing. In Islam, interpretation and truth are dependent upon &quot;analogous&quot; reasoning, while in the West, such inquiry is based more on &quot;argument&quot; (proving and disproving). Decisions and actions therefore may be the result of reasoning that is not directed at a determination of truth, but rather context-based &quot;correctness,&quot; based on similar experiences, often with strict Islamic code as the only context. Combine this with a tendency to rely also on subjective experience, and the Arab mind is processing information, for the most part, in a different way than the Western mind.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Subjective experience, belief, and associative judgment play the more powerful roles in decision making, although to be fair, among the better educated, there is an appreciation for and reliance upon facts, numbers, logic, and rationalism as criteria for decision making and action.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> Swedes need to see the rationale for doing something, and are usually not convinced with merely practical results from the past. Moreover, emotional expression does nothing to reinforce the facts; in fact, emotions are usually avoided in most Swedish scenarios, and remaining cool and under control is always seen as the smarter way to go.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Direct_or_Indirect_Communicator&diff=3064 2021-04-10T11:40:59Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; All societies must make decisions about how they fit into, process, and deal with the larger world. Essentially, this means how that culture communicates,...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> All societies must make decisions about how they fit into, process, and deal with the larger world. Essentially, this means how that culture communicates, think, and plans. Some cultures might create, analyze, and communicate information very directly; they depend upon the meaning of the word, and don't embed information in the larger context of the situation. These cultures often place a high value on confrontation and absolute truth: they are '''low-context''' (direct) communicators. However, other cultures value the importance of communicating indirectly -- with actions and not only words -- and have subtle system in place for exchanging information appropriate to the situation and the environment through nonverbal behaviour. These cultures place a high value on the maintenance of smooth interpersonal relationships; they are '''high-context''' (indirect) communicators.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Latin American speech patterns are typically high context and polychronic, and this is typically the case in Argentina. However, because of the immigrant mix, there can be many variations on this theme, ranging from surprisingly direct communication to a strong tendency among Argentines to say what they believe people want to hear rather than what is unpleasant. In most conversations, in business and social situations, there can be interruptions, unexpected topics, and unannounced visitors. with people speaking at the same time. This wil require people from monochronic cultures to develop the fine art of patience. Argentines will be quick to assure you that all is going as planned or as you desire, or that they are eager to do as they agreed. This is not based on a desire to deceive but rather a need to appear capable, and not to lose face in the eyes of others, particularly when it may be in one's interest to cultivate a relationship. It is critical. therefore, to always confirm information: to have multiple and independent sources &quot;on the ground&quot; to confirm for you what you are being told, and to be able to read between the lines without directly challenging the veracity of what your Argentine colleague is saying. In a culture that has seen one truth replaced by another again and again. there is a strong tolerance for, in fact dependence on, the subjective interpretation of events and reality.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> Although the United States is probably the most individualistic of all cultures, each person becomes a replaceable cog in the wheel of any organization. There is a high self, as opposed to other, orientation emphasizing individual initiative and achievement. People from the U.S. do not find it difficult to say &quot;no.&quot; The individual has a life of his or her own that is generally private and not to be discussed in business negotiations. Friendships are few and specific to needs.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> Nothing will get Australians to tell you what's on their minds faster than if you try to tell them what's on your mind first. Australians are usually very direct, and have no problem telling you what they think of just about anything, including you and your country. They do not shy away from confrontation, but react to these things with positive good humor, acknowledging that this stuff can make some people pretty uncomfortable. <br /> <br /> In fact, a common Australian complaint about Americans is that they don't tell you what's on their mind. Most of the time, Australian directness will take the form of good-natured ribbing or kidding around over a &quot;shout&quot; (that's a round of beers) or two. If you don't get the point that way, however, Australians can also tell you more straightforwardly.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> Context does drive communication in China. but it often allows for direct and confrontational speech. The Chinese can be blunt. and can and do say &quot;no,&quot; unlike the Japanese. Nevertheless, the requirements of the essential fundamentals of the culture, such as Confucian hierarchy, humility, respect. and face, require a sensitivity to the context in which the communication occurs.<br /> <br /> There is a great reliance on symbolic expression. whether verbally or pictorially (after all. the written language is built on this). Speaking symbolically al1ows one to say more easily what cannot be said directly (&quot;A picture is worth a thousand words&quot; is a Chinese saying). The Chinese also say that &quot;He who says the least says the most.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> They will be quick to assure you that all is going as planned or as you desire or that they arc eager to do as they agreed. This is not based on a desire to deceive, but rather on a need to appear capable. and not to lose face in the eyes of people from cultures with great resources. It is critical. therefore, to always confirm information: to have multiple, independent. and reliable sources to verify or interpret what you are being told: and to be able to read between the lines. The importance of hierarchy and other-dependency requires careful speech: in anything but the most private moments with trusted family and friends, speaking one's mind, especially at work, is done carefully.<br /> <br /> In a culture that has seen one truth replaced by another again and again, there is a strong tolerance for, in fact dependence on, the subjective interpretation of events and reality. This tendency also makes for complimentary and very respectful introductory conversation, and an avoidance of anything that may strike you as unpleasant; at first, Colombians will always try to say what they think you want to hear.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> Congolese are very context-driven communicators. They can ,peak in metaphors. and use stories or codified phrases; they will employ analogies. precedent, and much nonverbal behavior to convey true meaning. They generally do not avoid confrontation as a primary goal, as do many of their neighbors in the region, and often will be quite frank and direct about what is on their mind. Congolese have a reputation for being open, direct. and outgoing. quick with a laugh and a joke. boisterous, aggressive, and loud (at least as viewed by others who are less so!).<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> Arabs are very context-driven communicators, They will speak in metaphors, and use stories or codified phrases: they well employ analogies, Islamic precedent, and much nonverbal behavior to convey true meaning. They generally avoid confrontation, and are honor-bound to do everything possible to make strangers like and honor them (they are lavish hosts). They will avoid unpleasant discussion as long as possible, and it is precisely because they shun unpleasantness in discussions that anger, often expressed as an insult to pride, can blow fast and hard when disagreements can no longer be avoided.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> English understatement, American overstatement: this is one of the key communication differences between the two cultures. English communication patterns emphasize the unstated, the implied, and the qualified as opposed to the American orientation toward clear, frank, and direct speech. There is a preference for the use of qualifiers' &quot;perhaps”, “could/should,&quot; and the brilliantly evasive &quot;quite nice &quot; and &quot;indeed.&quot; English humor is extremely dry, reserved, self-effacing, clever, and based on a playful use of double and opposite meanings. <br /> <br /> Traditionally, the English have been portrayed as being extremely polite with strangers while being cuttingly direct and forthright within their peer group or with those with whom relationships have been long-standing. There is perhaps no greater example of this preoccupation with public politeness than the excessive apology to the stranger on the street when accidentally bumped into, the self-conscious avoidance of eye contact on a crowded &quot;tube,&quot; or the constant use of sayings, aphorisms, and proverbs to say what cannot be said directly.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> The French are direct, low-context communicators in that their love for debate, and the truth that may result, makes them less concerned for the amenities of &quot;gentle talk.&quot; They usually say what they think-sometimes passionately, at other times carefully-and mincing words is generally not their way. The French will judge you on your ability to demonstrate your intellectual skills, and if this means confrontational ideas, rigorous debate, and heated exchange, all the better. You will be respected for your ability to handle it, even if what you are saying is different from what they believe.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> The German language and methodical, detail-oriented aspects of German culture combine to create a form of speech that is often very direct and low context. Words are used to mean exactly what they are meant to say (it is therefore very important not to interrupt German speakers, and particularly not to end their statements for them). This blunt, precise way of speaking can sound harsh and too controlling to the American ear; it is usually not meant this way, but is especially the case in business, while in social situations, Germans can be more subtle and playful in their communication styles.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Indians can be very direct. Since individuals have unquestioned authority based on their positions, and one of the reasons for the caste system was to make clear and explicit rules of behavior between these levels, Indians do not hesitate in saying what they believe their position entitles them to say. They do not necessarily avoid confrontation. Nevertheless, with outsiders, particularly Westerners, Indians forego some of these rank entitlements, and can be more discreet in their communication styles. While context will convey some information, direct communication is the rule between peers or from superiors down to subordinates, and indirect communication is the rule from subordinates up to their superiors, or between individuals whose rank and int1uence is unknown.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Indonesians are very high-context communicators. They avoid confrontation, and will speak in terms that, maintain harmony at all costs, even if this results in speech that is indirect, evasive, or contradictory. Because circumstances rather than universal truths or laws determine action, sensitivity to the context is critical if you want accurate information on what is really being meant or done. The use of the word “yes”, even though “no” is meant; the avoidance of explanations and statements that even gently criticize or make someone look bad; the eternal smile, even when things are not going well; the failure to provide bad news or important negative information: all of these are common characteristics in Indonesia, which can be ultimately understood and precluded if one develops the ability to read between the lines. Read the context, not the words.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> This is a very high-context culture, with the circumstances (and individuals) of the moment determining the style of communication with which information is exchanged. However, the reason for this is not the need to avoid confrontation or maintain harmony, but the need to maintain “bella figura” and personal pride: Italians will eagerly join in a raucous debate, and can press a point very vigorously. The emotional level can be quite high: speech is often direct, but action is the result of the context and circumstance.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> The Japanese rely on high-context communication almost exclusively. Words themselves do not carry the meaning or any given communication; rather, real information is embedded in the context in which the communication occurs. Therefore, nonverbal communication is essential in Japan, and one must learn to &quot;read&quot; the situation in order to assess what is really happening, and to discover the true meaning behind the words.<br /> <br /> As the context changes, the meaning of the communication changes-for, as is the case throughout Asia, as situations change, the behaviors that are appropriate to those situations also change. What a person says in answer to another's question when the two are one on one may be very different from what the person says when asked the same question in front of his or her supervisor. Forget the words: listen to the situation. This is one of the reasons why Japanese behavior can appear so contradictory.<br /> <br /> While the Japanese may seem stiff, unapproachable, or unable to make a decision during the workday, they suddenly become warm, friendly, and talkative in the evening over sake, and exchange a great deal of information. High-context behaveior in Japan is also related to the group orientation and the need to take care of the other before taking care of oneself: this is reflected in the Japanese concern for face, the need to appear correct, true, and appropriate.<br /> <br /> In interpersonal communications, the need to help another save face (and by so doing subsequently save your own) means that one does not necessarily say what one feels directly. Outward expression (tatemae) is revealed, not inner feelings (honne). However, indirect communication, through eye contact and other forms of nonverbal behavior, helps to communicate honne. Westerners often see this split as duplicitous: it is not. The intent is to preserve harmony and face, a first priority in Japan (and usually a secondary result in the West), not to deceive.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> Nigerians are very context-driven communicators. They will speak in metaphors, and use stories or codified phrases; they will employ analogies, Islamic precedent. and much nonverbal behavior to convey true meaning. They generally do not avoid confrontation as a primary goal, as do most of their neighbors in the region, and often will be quite frank and direct about what is on their mind.<br /> <br /> Southern Nigerians have a reputation for being open, direct, and outgoing, while northerners are typically seen as being more conservative, non confrontational, quiet, and harmony-oriented. In fact, southern Nigerians can be quite boisterous, aggressive, and loud, and it is important not to interpret this kind of behavior as an expression of anger. When they are angry they can be quite loud and direct about it (or can suddenly become sullen and silent).<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Filipinos are very high-context communicators. They avoid confrontation, and will speak in terms that maintain harmony at all cost, even if this results in speech that is indirect, evasive, or contradictory. Because circumstances rather than universal truths or laws determine action, sensitivity to the context is critical if you want accurate information on what is really being meant or done.<br /> <br /> The use of word &quot;yes&quot;, even though &quot;no&quot; is meant; the avoidance of explanations and statements that even gently criticize or make someone look bad; the eternal smile, even when things are not going well; the failure to provide bad news or important negative information: all of these are common characteristics in the Philippines, which can ultimately be understood and precluded if one develops the ability to read between the lines. Read the context, not the words. &quot;Pakisisama&quot;, or smooth harmonious relations, is a major priority always.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Poles generally say what is on their minds, and can be direct and clear in their thoughts with others; nevertheless, communication is never done in a completely direct way, and Poles are very sensitive to the feelings of others. They allow these feelings to determine how and what they say, so there is a softness even to the most difficult or controversial topics under discussion. The context (whom one is with, the impact of what is being discussed, and other factors) will determine how and what is communicated.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> You will see both; under Communism, Russians had to live their day-to-day lives being very careful about what was said: one's life, and those of one's loved ones, was at risk. Consequently, they can be very circumspect about what they say, and speak metaphorically and symbolically. There is much reliance on nonverbal forms of communication as a result of this. At the same time, Russians can also speak their minds very directly, especially when prompted emotionally, which happens all too frequently given their comfort with making and expressing decisions intuitively.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> Arabs are very context-driven communicators. They will speak in metaphors, and use stories or codified phrases; they will employ analogies, Islamic precedent, and much nonverbal behavior to convey true meaning. They generally avoid confrontation, and are honor-bound to do everything possible make strangers like and honor them (they are lavish hosts). They will avoid unpleasant discussions as long as possible, and it is precisely because they shun unpleasantness in discussions that anger, often expressed as an insult to pride, can blow fast and hard when disagreements can no longer be avoided.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Because the situation will so powerfully control what people can safely say and do, we have to say that these cultures are primarily high-context. Remember, however, that these peoples, as we have seen with most Slavs, can alternately be open, direct, blunt, and forthright (especially Bulgarians, who have a reputation for appearing the most &quot;Russian&quot; of all these southern Slavs) and equally reserved, playing things very close to the vest, and secretive.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> Sweden is essentially a mixed low-context and high-context culture, with words, being powerful tools for communicating fact and emotion, being chosen carefully and economically. At the same time, Swedes can be indirect in their communication of negative, difficult, or challenging ideas, as direct speech around those issues can disturb cooperation, which is critically important in such an other-dependent culture.<br /> <br /> Because of the need to maintain cooperation between individuals, it may be difficult for Swedes to say no, and so they have developed many polite ways of indicating negativity. You need to be tuned to this possibility always, especially in situations where differences may be inherent. Swedes may say things like 'This may be difficult,&quot; or say &quot;Nja,&quot; combining the Swedish words for &quot;yes&quot; ja) and &quot;no&quot; (nej) , when they really mean they won't, can't, or don't want to. Sometimes you might hear &quot;Tja&quot;: this, too, is a way of expressing negativity softly. In context, it really means something like &quot;It doesn't look like I'll be able to do that.&quot; In addition, because of the need for consensus, superiors rarely instruct subordinates directly, but rather &quot;invite&quot; them to do certain things. This is a high-context and subtle way of communicating orders, and you should mirror this whenever circumstances require: direct, challenging, and overtly negative speech is not admired or preferred.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Past_or_Future&diff=3063 2021-04-10T11:40:04Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; Do the people put more of their energy into maintaining what they alrady have, or do they value change for change&#039;s sake? A culture may be &#039;&#039;&#039;past&#039;&#039;&#039; orien...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Do the people put more of their energy into maintaining what they alrady have, or do they value change for change's sake? A culture may be '''past''' oriented (and often more fatalistic), while another may be more '''future''' oriented (and often more controlling).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Latin American cultures, Argentina included, have seen their world turned upside down more than once with their having little or no ability to control the events. Imagine surviving inflation of 10.000 percent (as was the case in the 1970s) or military coups and assorted invasions. In Argentina. there is a strong doubt in the ability to ultimately control what happens, but the effort is always there, for to struggle is to live.<br /> <br /> Despite a strong desire to believe 'their own ability to overcome the odds, there may be an equal1y strong acceptance of the inevitability of setbacks and failures, and an inclination to place the blame on others and in circumstances beyond one's control if things go wrong.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> There is low anxiety about life, as external structures and science provide answers to all important questions and isolate one from life. Anxiety is developed over deadlines and results because recognition of one's work is the greatest reward. The work ethic is very strong, so that it appears that one lives to work. There are established rules for everything, and experts are relied upon at all levels.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> The past plays a minimal role in Australia, and no one is that willing to sacrifice a nice sunny day and the good life for an uncertain tomorrow. In this sense, therefore, Australians are rooted in the here and now. pragmatically oriented, and don't get too excited about having to moralize over things or hunker down for a better tomorrow.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> Fatalism has always held China back, and the country's history has always seemed to justify the fatalism. Despite the age of the culture, today the average Chinese struggles against the fates, and puts much energy into appeasing those forces over which he or she believe they have little control. The pro-democracy movement and the events of Tiananmen Square on June 3-4, 1989, were, for this reason, both remarkable and predictable. Great stock is placed in fortuitous moments, omens, superstitious practices, and guidance from ancestors, the stars, and sages.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> Latin American cultures. including Colombia. have seen their world turned upside down more than once with their having little or no ability to control the events, First it was volcanoes and earthquakes. then conquistadors from the east. Venezuelans. the United States. and now drug lords and gueri1las, In Colombia. there is a strong doubt in the ability to control what happens. but the effort is always there, for to struggle is to live. Nevertheless, while they look hack to their roots for stability, Colombians are hopeful for the future, and will express confidence in the fact that there is a reason to work for change. This sometimes strong desire to believe in their own ability to overcome the odd, is often balanced against an equally strong acceptance of the inevitability of setbacks and failures. almost a fatalistic expectation of it, and an inclination to place the blame on others and uncontrollable events when things go wrong.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> There is a distinct and inherent fatalism in regard to the effect of human action when considering day-to-day life. Nevertheless, those empowered by virtue of their position are expected to make the decisions that keep the world running, and by so doing are either fulfilling their destiny. however their religious beliefs define it, or that of their group. Therefore, future benefits often do not motivate Congolese: doing nothing, or doing things for the here and now, is sometimes more important. and if things do not work out. that is to he expected-no mortal controls the universe, and is ultimately determined. There is a deep belief that things will take the time they need to take. and that it is always more important to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships until opportunities come along: when that happens. Congolese will be sure to seize them.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> There is a distinct and inherent fatalism in regard to the effect of human action. fundamentally because only Allah determines what and when things will happen. Nevertheless, those empowered by virtue of their position are expected to make the decisions that keep the world running, and by so doing, are fulfilling Allah's will. Therefore, future benefits often do not motivate Egyptians; doing nothing or doing things for the here and now is sometimes more important, and if things do not work out, that is to he expected-no mortal controls the universe, and all is ultimately determined.<br /> <br /> There is a deep belief that things will take the time they need to take, and that only Allah knows what that is (this has often been summarized as the &quot;IBM&quot; of the Arab world: I for “inshallah” -- as and only if Allah wills it: B for “buqrah” -- things will take the time they take; and M for “ma'alesh” -- loosely translated as, “don't worry”, “don't sweat it”, “it'll turn out okay: you may not see it now, but it's all for the best&quot;).<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> The British culture is a &quot;controlling-oriented&quot; one: the belief that the individual can, with enough will, resources, luck, and stamina, push their way through is widespread. &quot;Muddling through,&quot; &quot;carrying on,&quot; &quot;keeping a stiff upper lip mustn't grumble&quot;: these are all hall-marks of the unstoppable and unflappable English.<br /> <br /> This means that you will have to work uphill as well as &quot;prove your stuff&quot; in order to get things done, especially if what you are attempting to do with the English requires that they do things differently from the way they always have. And here is where the past plays a great role in England. There is no guarantee, for example, that tomorrow will be any better than today: in fact, English history is mainly the story of their great struggle in order simply to keep what they already have. Therefore, precedence, or the way that things have already been done successfully, is the main reason why they do what they do, even into the future. Optimistic, risk-taking Americans may have a hard time convincing the British to try a new way, Unless there is a very good reason to throw out that tattered, cracked-leather chair in the comer, they'll keep it, thank you very much.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> It should not be surprising, therefore, that in many ways, France is past oriented, at least in the sense that unless there is a compelling reason to change, there probably is no reason to do things differently from the way they have determined to do them in the past.<br /> <br /> Nevertheless. there is also a very strong French tendency to explore, examine, analyze, and review -- and if such activity results in a better way of doing things. a solution to a problem, or even just the revealing of a new problem or new way to look at things, such developments would be welcomed (and if they lead to change, so he it). Here we see that complex French mix of believing that people can control their own destinies through the rigorous application of thought, and the opposing Gallic spirit of “c'est la vie”, and succumbing to the greater forces. This results in an acceptance of the way things are, with the belief that one can do better if only. . . , and the conclusion. therefore, that one must enjoy today and live it to the fullest. It would be difficult to find a French man who would sacrifice the benefits and blessings of today for the uncertain ties, even the promises, of tomorrow.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> Germans have a strong sense of control. They believe that with enough careful and methodical compartmentalization, organization, and structure, they can and should exercise as much control over their environment (and their future)' as they can. In this sense, Germans can be very forward-looking; however, history has repeatedly shown that events may he beyond human control, and Germans also have a strong sense of how difficult this application of will can be (and that there can always be a point beyond which one does not have influence).<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> All Indian religious traditions emphasize the fatalistic nature of the universe: from reincarnation to karma, there is a distinct and inherent fatalism assigned to the effect of human action. Nevertheless. those empowered by virtue of their caste position arc expected to make the decisions that keep this secular world running, as a reflection of their higher ranking in the universal order of things. Therefore. future benefits often do not motivate Indians; doing nothing, or doing things for the here and now, are sometimes more relevant, and if things do not work out, this is to be expected – one one controls the universe, and all is determined. Hindus see both the future the past as part of the same repeating cycles of history, and some more devout Muslim, find it heretical that mere mortals can presume to know or alter Allah's will by planning far into the future.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> All three religious traditions (Hindu, Buddhist, and Islam) emphasize the fatalistic nature of the universe; Indonesians certainly want to do things that will bring success to themselves and their families, but action is not taken with the belief that it builds a better tomorrow, or that it is even being done with tomorrow in mind. Rather, things are done because it is appropriate to do so now in response to the current opportunities and risks, with a knowledge that the outcome may not ultimately be in our control. Muslims say that &quot;such and such will happen, “Inshallah&quot; -- meaning &quot;if God wills&quot; -- thus diminishing human responsibility for the ultimate success or failure of an event (in fact, it may be difficult to make long-term plans in such an environment, for it is sometimes seen as foolish, even slightly heretical, to presume the ability to control things so far into the future). Hindus see both the future and the past as essentially the same (a repeating cycle), and Chinese Buddhists are very sensitive to the power of forces beyond their control (“feng shui”, ancestors, auspicious and inauspicious moments, etc.).<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> Italians are essentially fatalistic; however, the past, while glorious in those aspects that celebrate Italy's enor­mous cultural contributions (art, food, music, engineering, literature, etc.), is not necessarily mourned for. Nevertheless, the future is not longed for, either, and because of a general pessimism about being able to control future events, the pervasive attitude is to live for the here and now, as best as one can.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> Nature is not forgiving in Japan: the country is rocked by earthquakes. and typhoons or tidal waves often devastate its shorelines. This IS a common theme throughout ancient Asian cultures, even as they struggle to thrive today, and Japan is no different. The Japanese relieve that as they work with all their abilities to make wetter world for their children, there are rituals to he observed, traditions to be taken seriously, and ancestors to he listened to in order for the future to work out the way they hope.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> A distinct and inherent fatalism in regard to the effect of human action is fundamental to both Islamic and indigenous beliefs. Nevertheless, those empowered by virtue of their position (or luck) are expected to make the decisions that keep the world running, and by so doing, are fulfilling either Allah's will or they are at the mercy of the fate of their group. Therefore, future benefits often do not motivate Nigerians; doing nothing, or doing things for the here and now, is sometimes more important, and if things do not work out, that is to be expected-_no mortal controls the universe, and all is ultimately determined.<br /> <br /> There is a deep belief that things will take the time they need to take, and that it is always more important to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships until opportunities come along: when that happens. Nigerians will be sure to seize them!<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Because the past was one of foreign domination, there is no reason to look back. Filipinos look toward the future, and are frustrated that today's actions do not necessarily affect what happens tomorrow. When things do not work out, it is because of &quot;kinaiya&quot;, or fate. It is an agrarian concept from the indigenous Visayan culture, loosely translated as: &quot;That's just the way things are&quot; or &quot;That's just the way we are&quot; (to foreigners).<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> The past plays a significant role in Polish society: it is both a weight and a source of identity. It controls and limits possibilities, but it also defines who the Poles are. Poles believe that individuals do have some control over what happens to them, and must struggle, in all ways possible, to exercise control over the future. Nevertheless, there is great acceptance of the fact that much of what will happen is beyond the control of mere individuals, even powerful ones, and that ultimately God is the source of all events.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> The past plays a significant role in Russian society: it is both a weight and a source of identity. It controls and limits possibilities, but it also defines who the Russians are. Russians believe that if individuals are to have any control over what happens to them, they must struggle, in all ways possible, against impossible odds -- and society, as it has been structured, cooperates with this expectation. There is great acceptance of the fact that much of what will happen is beyond the control of mere individuals, even powerful ones, and that ultimately God (at least among the Orthodox) is the source of all events. It has been said that no people can endure and suffer like the Russian people.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> There is a distinct and inherent fatalism in regard to the effect of human action, fundamentally because only Allah determines what and when things will happen. Nevertheless, those empowered by virtue of their position are expected to make the decisions that keep the world running, and by so doing, are fulfilling Allah's will. Therefore, future benefits often do not motivate Saudis; doing nothing, or doing things for the here and now, is sometimes more important, and if things do not work out, that is to be expected -- no mortal controls the universe, and all is ultimately determined. There is a deep belief that things will take the time they need to take, and that only Allah knows what that is (this has often been summarized as the 'IBM&quot; of the Arab world: I for “inshallah” -- as and only if Allah wills it; B for “buqrah” -- things will take the time they take' and M for “ma'alesh” -- loosely translated as, &quot;don't worry,&quot; &quot;don't sweat it,&quot; &quot;it'll turn out okay, you may not see it now, but it's all for the best&quot;).<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> The people of this region are very fatalistic and superstitious, more so as you move from north to south. The past is the reason for the actions of the present, and there often is little belief that the future will be anything else but a replay of the past, unless and until the &quot;other&quot; changes his ways. There is a strong resistance to see oneself and one's country as part of the problem and a powerful tendency to shift blame to the other for the problems of the moment; this is true individually and, often, as a culture, throughout the region.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> Sweden is really neither past-oriented nor future-oriented, in the sense that the utopia notion of social welfare is focused on the here and now, on making life better for most. There is a certain nostalgia in Sweden for the past glories, and for the more recent past's obvious easy successes with creating the &quot;perfect&quot; middle-class world; the obstacles encountered in attempting to achieve this goal today are seen as troubling and complex. Nevertheless, Swedes do exude a certain confidence over being able to do whatever needs to be done in order to maintain their admittedly high standard of living into the future.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Risk-Taking_or_Risk-Averse&diff=3062 2021-04-10T11:39:07Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; Some cultures might move quickly with a limited amount of information, while other cultures need a great deal of informations in order to make even a small...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Some cultures might move quickly with a limited amount of information, while other cultures need a great deal of informations in order to make even a small decision. Therefore, cultures may be '''risk-taking''' or '''risk-averse'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Latin cultures, in general, are risk-averse, and that is one of the driving reasons for the creation of structure and hierarchies. Argentina is no exception, There are levels of bureaucracy that arc breathtaking in their byzantine regulations, and in order to get things done in business and the public arena. there are usually many different officials who need to sign off at different stages. <br /> <br /> The pace can be slow, as people need to develop trust in order to do business with you, and the need for “enchufados”, or people with contacts and connections to help you through, is critical. Providing whatever details you need to in order for your Argentine associate to feel comfortable is important in this risk-averse culture, and repeated efforts often must be made to convince and motivate, especially if it means changing the way something is done. Even when individuals are empowered to make the decision, there can be a reticence to take the required final step.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> As a nation of immigrants without a welldeveloped hierarchy, there is a high comfort level for risk taking, for living with uncertainty and ambiguity. However, the need to create a smoothly working society that benefits most of the people also serves to keep wayward risk taking in check. There is a balance here.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> China is essentially a risk-taking culture. Perhaps this is a result of the need to seize the few fortuitous opportunities that might come one's way from time to time, perhaps it comes from the fact that when one is not in control. one has little to lose. or perhaps it is the result of a removed. distant bureaucracy that enabled the average peasant of the past and businessperson of today to try some things out on their own. Whatever the reason, Chinese society is composed of numerous small entrepreneurs who will generally gamble and take risks when given the chance. This is probably one of the cultural reasons for the resounding success and startling numbers of Chinese immigrant communities around the world.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> Latin cultures, in general arc risk-averse. and that is one of the driving reasons for the creation of structure and hierarchies. Colombia is no exception. The rigidity of the system makes Colombia one of the most risk-averse cultures in the region: this, means that repeated efforts must he made to convince and motivate. especially if it means changing the way something i, done. This is a culture of entrenchment, and change and movement are generally seen as destabilizing and unwelcome to the status quo. Decision making can be slow and tedious. as various levels of the hierarchy need to be consulted. and as information must be made available to many in order for it to occur. Even when individuals are empowered to make a decision. there can be a reticence to take the required final step.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> Congolese are prone to taking risks when in positions of authority, hut avoiding them when they are not. Within organizations, the decision makers can be bold. even reckless, but subordinates generally are not, and take action only when instructed to do so. Therefore. comfort with uncertainty, in general, is low. and much information may need to be exchanged with different people before decisions can be made. Even when decisions are made at the top, the concern for others within the group requires decision makers to consult with subordinates before making decisions. There will be much discussion with trusted others about what you, as a foreigner, bring to the table. after you leave the meeting.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> Egyptians, and most Arabs, are prone to taking risks when in positions of authority, but avoiding them when they are not. Within organizations, the decision makers can be bold, even reckless, but subordinates generally are not, and take action only when instructed to do so. Therefore, comfort with uncertainty, in general, is low, and much information may need to be exchanged with different people before decisions can be made. Even when decisions are made at the top, the concern for others in the group requires decision makers to consult with subordinates before making decisions. There will be much discussion with trusted others about what you. as a foreigner, bring to the table, after you leave the meeting.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> Here again we have the curious mix of two opposing ideas: England is a conservative culture that approaches new ideas cautiously and skeptically, yet the British can equally feel very confident and comfortable in the most remarkably threatening and &quot;risky&quot; situations. Perhaps it is the universalism of the British and their reliance on their rules and ways of doing things that gives them their remarkable confidence in dealing with uncertain or chaotic conditions. After all, these are the same people who, to para-phrase Noel Coward, were mad enough to go out in the noonday sun and sip their tea at four o'clock, no matter where on earth they may actually have been. Risk-taking, yes; but as we see below, change-oriented, no.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> Latin cultures, in general, are risk-averse; that is one of the driving reasons for the creation of structure and hierarchies. France is no exception. Decision making can be slow and tedious, as various levels of the hierarchy need to be consulted, and because information must be made available to many, in order for a decision to be made. The French try to do it right the first time; analyze everything carefully, several times, if necessary; and to debate all aspects of a decision until a]] is clear and agreed upon. Even when individuals are empowered to make the decision, there can be a reticence to take the required final step.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> This is general1y a risk-averse culture. Before new ideas can be adopted, before changes can be made, before modifications can be accepted, the German needs to know why. After all, they have probably already developed a method or a system for handling the proposed change, and it has probably been effective.<br /> <br /> Unless the reason for doing something differently is compelling, clear, and proven, the German will not accept it. Information will be analyzed, data gathered, and decisions usually made at the top after careful consideration. The ability to move flexibly and experimentally is not a natural German attribute.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Indians are prone to taking risks when in positions of authority, and avoiding risks when not. Within castes, families, and organizations, the decision makers can be bold, even reckless, but subordinates generally are not, and take action only when instructed to do so and only when they are sure that all &quot;i”s are dotted and all &quot;t&quot;s are crossed. Therefore, comfort with uncertainty, in general, is low, and much information may need to be exchanged with different people before decisions can be made; however, this is rarely to develop consensus, but rather to force the correct individual to make the ultimate decision. Because this is often being done with individuals who have no incentive to facilitate the business themselves, this can be a slow and frustrating experience.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Indonesia is essentially a risk-avoiding culture, because the social and business hierarchies and individual people's positions must be carefully considered within the larger group context. There may be much information that will need to be exchanged before decisions are made, and many people brought into the process in order to develop trust (with outsiders, such as the foreign businessperson) and consensus. There is a high need for certainty and much energy will be spent looking to minimize danger and risk. Immigrants, in general, may be more prone to taking risks than natives with Chinese Indonesians (who have a more individualistic background) perhaps more willing to take risks than Hindu Indian immigrants (who have a caste-bound tradition).<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> Latin cultures, in general arc risk-averse, and that is one of the driving reasons for their creation of structure and hierarchies. In Italy this tendency is more extrema as one moves south through the country. Decision making can be slow and tedious in Naples' but quicker in Milan: in both cases, more or less, various levels of the hierarchy need to be consulted, and information must be made available to many, eventually moving through the “cordata” to the final individual decision maker, who listens to the advice from below, and then makes the final decision. While debate is common, evidence supporting alternate views must fit with subjective expectations, or else it is ultimately unconvincing. Even when individuals are empowered to make the decision, there can be a reticence to take the required final step.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> Japan is one of the world's most risk-averse cultures. While the group protects and ensures, comforts and advances. risk aversion seals the effects. Avoiding the unknown, taking all possible precautions, gathering as much information as possible ahead of time, reviewing proposals again and again from all possible angles-all describe Japanese behavior when it comes to risk. When combined with the other aspects of the culture (for example. hierarchy and group orientation), this means that many individuals must act this way, in concert, in order to come up with the most perfect possible solution to the needs of the superior, and must take whatever action is required to protect the supervisor from any problem that might have been avoided had individuals performed more carefully together.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> Nigerians are prone to taking risks, especially when in positions of authority. Within organizations, the decision makers can be bold, even reckless, but subordinates generally are not. Therefore, comfort with uncertainty, in general, is high, and while much information may need to be exchanged with different people before decisions can be made in large groups, individuals can make decisions quickly. There can be much discussion with trusted others about what you, as a foreigner, bring to the table, after you leave the meeting.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> The Philippines has a risk-avoiding culture, because the social and business hierarchies and individual people's positions must be carefully considered within the larger group context. However, while most Filipinos defer to authority for decision making, they will often go ahead and do things on their own if the expected action is not taken.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Here is that Slavic duality: seize an opportunity when you see it or make it, for it may not come again, and there is often little to lose; at the same time, one must be careful not to take any action that may jeopardize one's situation, or the situation of others (especially one's family), any further. The former approach therefore usually lends to quick and sudden risk taking, while the latter usually causes slow and plodding movement toward a specific goal. You will see both mindsets in Poland (and in most Slavic countries). As market economies, and perhaps democracies, develop in the region, there will be an increase in risk taking, and as long as it succeeds without corrupting the general society, this former tendency will be reinforced; if such action is seen as advancing individual power at the expense of society, the latter tendency will be reinforced. You will feel both attitudes at different times, while working in Poland, and to prepare yourself to respond to either -- to both the eager Pole who has an opportunity that is too good to be true, and to the Pole who demands more and more information without making a decision -- requires some substantial pre-trip homework.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Here is that Slavic duality again: seize an opportunity when you see it or make it, for it may not come again, and there is often little to lose; at the same time, one must be careful not to take any action that may jeopardize one's situation, or the situation of others (especially one's family), any further. The former approach usually leads to quick and sudden risk taking, while the latter usually results in a slow and plodding movement toward a specific goal. You will see both mindsets in Russia, to the extreme. Under the Communists, there was great fear to say and do anything without being absolutely certain that it was safe, according to your superior, to do so. As a result, things today can move remarkably slowly, and while decisions are being made by other powers, your immediate contact might be stalling and equivocating. As the market economy (and shadier versions of it) develops, however, there is increased risk taking, and as long as people prosper or get away with it, it continues. Working in Russia, you will feel both approaches at different times, and to prepare yourself to respond to either -- to both the eager Russian who has an opportunity too good to be true, and to the Russian who demands more and more information without making a decision or giving anything up-requires some substantial pre-trip homework, time, a thick skin, and stamina.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> Saudis, and most Arabs, are prone to taking risks when in positions of authority, but avoiding them when they are not. Within organizations, the decision makers can be bold, even reckless, but subordinates generally are not, and take action only when instructed to do so. Therefore, comfort with uncertainty, in general, is low, and much information may need to be exchanged with different people before decisions can be made. Even when decisions are made at the top, the concern for others in the group requires decision makers to consult with subordinates before making decisions. There will be much discussion with trusted others about what you, as a foreigner, bring to the table, after you leave the meeting.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Throughout much of the region, the answer to this is ... both. When people are extremely eager to do business with Westerners, they will promise things they cannot deliver and propose all sorts of deals they may not be able to follow through on, in the hope of doing business with someone with resources from the outside who is willing to make an investment in their country. When one has nothing to lose, it is easy to take risks. At the same time, true day-to-day business is still encumbered by regulations and wars, and the general mistrust between people who do not know each other can take a long time to overcome. History has taught these people to be ready at any moment to change course and be flexible, but to initially resist anything new and different. There may be some softening in this attitude among the younger generation (this still remains to be seen, especially as they themselves get older).<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> The Swedes are generally in the middle in this category (“lagom” again i), but they will see and act on opportunities. However, it will not be without first giving careful thought and consideration to all sides, participants, and details. Everyone involved must be brought into the consultation. New information is not taken at face value: it is usually suspect at first. Taking action without having all the facts is foolhardy, and the Swedes, when they do take action, usually do so carefully and without heroics or fanfare.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Monochronic_or_Polychronic&diff=3061 2021-04-10T11:37:51Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; All societies have to handle moving through time, creating a way of understanding and simultaneously managing the flow of things. Cultures might place a gr...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> All societies have to handle moving through time, creating a way of understanding and simultaneously managing the flow of things. Cultures might place a great deal of importance on managing and controlling time. Fore these '''monochronic''' cultures, clocks, agendas, calendars, and deadlines determine what and when things are done, and time is a limited commodity that must be carefully managed. For other cultures, time exists, but it is not the determinant of people's actions. For these '''polychronic''' cultures, time stands in the background; there is usually plenty of it, and relationships and immediate needs usually determine what and when things are done.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Argentina is primarily polychronic. although non-Argentines would do best arriving for business on time: for social occasions. however, it is essential that you arrive at least 30 minutes to an hour later than the stated time. Outside of the major cities. time is circular. and very polychronic. For example, dinner at home rarely starts before 8 or 9 P,M.. and a dinner party with guests at home will often not start until 9 or 10 P.M., even though guests may have been invited for 8 P.M. If you really want things to occur punctually, it is perfectly okay to identify the time as en punto, although it might be difficult to enforce. Business hours are often extremely late: upper level managers and executives can stay in the office until 9 or ] 0 P.M., and meetings can last well into the evening.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> Punctuality is highly emphasized. If you are delayed, call to let your contact know. If you are invited for a meal, you should arrive promptly. For social functions you can arrive few minutes late, you don't need to call ahead even if you will be a half hour late.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> Australia is primarily a monochronic culture. especially in business. However. a few minutes late here and there usually is not a problem; and in social situations, being ten minutes late is not a problem. There is a relaxed attitude toward agendas and schedules. which arc usually not organized tightly. Australians see Amcricans as far too eager to live to work, and Americans see Australian_ ,as ready, at any moment, to break away from the desk, put on a bathing suit, and throw another &quot;prawn on the barbie&quot; (yes, it's &quot;prawn,&quot; not &quot;shrimp,&quot; in Australia).<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> Because punctuality also reflects other values, such as concern for the other person and humility before someone else's efforts. the Chinese are more or less punctual certainly. you should be. Nevertheless. in the big picture, as with all traditional Asian cultures, time has historically stood in the background to immediate personal relationships; even in modern-day Chinese cities, this is certainly still the case. Things will take the time they need to take, and the clock is not the ultimate arbiter of what occurs and when. Mao Tse-tung was once asked what he thought of the French Revolution; his answer was, &quot;It's too soon to tell.&quot; The Chinese will move very quickly to seize an advantage if one presents itself; they certainly want to succeed as quickly as possible, but they will not do anything that is not in their best interest simply because of time. Unless it is on their terms, they have time to wait it out.<br /> <br /> Daily life in China has historically been arranged according to vast, agriculturally based blocks of time, over which no individual or government had control: seasons, days and nights. Even today, the workday in China begins fairly early (around 7 or 8 A.M.), and ends early (around 4 or 5 P.M.). Most workers take an hour break and a mid afternoon nap after lunch. On balance. China is a polychronic culture, as are most of the cultures of Asia; the clock is not the ultimate reason for action.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> Colombia is mainly polychronic. although non-Colombians would do best arriving for business on time, For social occasions, however. it is essential that everyone arrives at least one-half to one full hour later than the stated time. Outside of the major cities. time is circular. and very polychronic. Dinner at home, for example. is usually between 7 and 8 P.M&quot; but a dinner party in someone's home will often not start until 9 or 10 P.M,. even though guests may have been invited for 8 P.M. If you really want things to occur punctually. it is perfectly okay to identify the time as Norte-american, as opposed to la Colombiana, although it will be difficult to enforce.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> Congo is essentially very polychronic, due to the influence of agrarian and religious traditions. and the current unpredictable situation of daily life. There is forgiveness for the inevitable delays and unexpected events that define life in Africa, and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled: people mayor may not show up at invited events, thing' mayor may not happen as planned. Schedules tend to be loose and flexibility. Because who (relationships) is more important than what (tasks) or when (time), there can be many interruptions during a meting. and people's obligations to other people. who may come and go, are more important than doing things according to schedules. If you are being kept waiting, or are ignored because of someone else's needs. it is an indication of your importance relative to the other person. and expressing frustration over being kept waiting only diminishes your importance.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> Egypt is essentially very polychronic. due to the influence of both agrarian and religious traditions. The clock is definitely not the determinant of action; it plays a role most certainly, particularly in the larger, more modern urban areas, and there is an acceptance of Western organizational ideas (westerners should not be late, for example). Nevertheless, there is forgiveness for the inevitable delays , and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled: people mayor may not show up at invited events, things mayor may not happen as planned.<br /> <br /> Schedules tend to be loose and flexible. Because who (relationships) is more important than what (tasks) or when (time), there can be many interruptions during a meeting, and people's obligations to other people, who may come and go, are more important than doing things according to schedules. If you are being kept waiting, or are ignored because of someone else's needs, it is an indication of your importance, or lack thereof, relative to the other person, and expressing frustration over being kept waiting only diminishes your importance.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> The English are primarily monochronic, believing in the value of organizing one's time carefully. Business and life are conducted best when done so in an orderly, progressive way. This leads to all sorts of uniquely British phenomena -- from what some might term obsessive queuing at most any given opportunity, to the reliance on business agendas, memoranda, follow-ups, and the observance of schedules and timetables.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> The French exhibit a conflicting mixture of Latin polychronism and northern European monochronism (and it is usually more monochronic in the north of France-Paris included-than in the south). In social situations, therefore, the French are often acceptably late, and in business situations, may think nothing of finishing up work on their desk for a few extra minutes even though a meeting has been called. Nevertheless, things can move briskly in metropolitan areas, and schedules and deadlines, in the absence of any other French priorities, can be surprisingly demanding.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> Germany is one of the most monochronic cultures in the world (although polychronism increases as one moves south and east within its borders), The trains will generally he on time to the minute; employees must not be late for. a meeting (the meeting will start without them if they are. and the doors will he closed); and plans, agendas. and the like are rigorously followed, If your plans must change. if you must he delayed. if the unexpected occurs. it is crucial that you inform key people of the fact as soon as possible.<br /> <br /> One cannot plan too much, too carefully, or too thoroughly, There is a time and place for everything, and careful planning allows for both work and leisure (Germans have more holidays, for example, than any other major developed nation, and personal life is sacred); it is just that the two usually do not mix.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> India is essentially a polychronic culture in that thc clock is usually not the determinant of action; it most certainly plays a role, particularly in the larger, more modern urban areas, and there is an acceptance of Western organizational ideas. Nevertheless, there is forgiveness for the inevitable delays, and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled; people mayor may not show up at scheduled events, meetings and projects mayor may not happen as planned. India is forever acting Indian, but judging itself by Western standards of universal morality, resulting ill a kind of self-consciousness that swings between superiority and inferiority.<br /> <br /> Daily life in India has historically been arranged according to vast, agriculturally based blocks of time. over which no individual or government had control. for example. the seasons. day and night. This tradition has been spiritually justified by the tenets of Hinduism and Buddhism. which emphasize vast cycles of life and reincarnation. Even today, schedules tend to he loose and flexible: the workday begll1s around 9 A.M.. and ends around 4 P.M. Most workers take an hour break and a mid afternoon nap after lunch.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Indonesia is an extremely polychronic culture. There is a concept throughout the country known as &quot;rubber time:' in which the clock stretches to fit human needs, not the other (Western) way around, Things will take the time they need to take, and the clock is not the ultimate arbiter of what occurs and when. Events can move very slowly, or very quickly, but only if it makes sense according to the individuals and the situations they are in each and every day. <br /> <br /> Indonesians will move very quickly to seize an advantage if one presents itself; they certainly want to succeed as quickly as possible, but they will not do anything that is not in their best interest simply because of time. Unless it is on their terms, they have time to wait it out, Daily life in Indonesia has historically been arranged according to vast, agriculturally based blocks of time, over which no individual or government had control -- for example, the seasons, day, and night. Even today, schedules tend to be loose and flexible; the workday begins around 8 A.M., and ends around 4 P.M. Most workers take an hour break and a mid aftemoon nap after lunch. But time moves much more slowly in general, and there is no advantage to rushing about. This changes by group, with ethnic Indonesians being least time conscious, and Chinese being most time conscious.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> Outside of the major northern cities, time is circular. and very polychronic; it is most monochronic in Milan, but as one moves south, old agrarian patterns die hard, even if people aren't waking up ad heading for the fields in the morning today. In rural areas, it is easiest to work in the fields in the cool of the early morning and late afternoon; the midday heat is usually too oppressive, and provides a good opportunity to stoke up on a filling meal and a siesta, heading back out until the sun sets. And as one moves south through Italy, the clock slows down.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> Because punctuality also reflects other values, such as concern for the other person and humility before someone else's efforts, the Japanese are more or less very punctual; certainly, you should be. Nevertheless, in the big picture, it is difficult to say that the Japanese are monochronic (subordinate to time), because in Japan, as with all traditional Asian cultures, time has historically stood in the background to immediate personal relationships; even in modern-day Japan, this is certainly still the case. Things will take the time they need to take, and the clock is not the ultimate arbiter of what occurs and when.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> Nigeria is essentially very polychronic. due to the influence of both agrarian and religious traditions (although less so in and the cities). There is forgiveness for the inevitable delays and unexpected events that define life in Africa, and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled: people mayor may not show up at invited events, things may ,or may not happen as planned. Schedules tend to be loose and flexible. Because who (relationships) is more important than what (tasks) or when (time), there can be many interruptions during a meeting, and people's obligations to other people, who may come and go, are more important than doing things according to the schedule. If you are being kept waiting. or are ignored because of someone else's needs, it may be an indication of your importance relative to the other person. and expressing frustration may only diminish your importance.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> The Philippines has an extremely polychronic culture: schedules must remain loose, the clock takes a backseat to most other criteria for action. Things do not necessarily flow sequentially: many things happens simultaneously, and deadlines and schedules are juggled constantly.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Poles are generally monochronic, being northern European. They will generally arrive on time for meetings and appointments, and even their social events, such as dinners, usually start within five minutes or so of the stated time. In fact, Poles usually start their day rather early. Nevertheless, perhaps because of Roman Catholic and Latin influences, as well as the challenges of day-to-day life in a developing nation, Poles are flexible to polychronic influences: anything can happen to derail a schedule or slow down a plan. Therefore, agendas can be changed quickly, last-minute adjustments are common, and group functions may not end on time. In fact, business meetings and social events both seem to be open-ended affairs (this means that Poles get up early for work, but may also stay up very late into the evening!). Get your sleep when you can when you visit Poland.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Polychronic. Everything, including schedules, agendas, and deadlines is subordinate to raw hierarchical power, and one's ability to harness such power through relationships for one's own benefit. The Russian day begins rather early, but from that point on, it can be difficult to predict when things will start and stop with certainty. Agendas can be changed quickly, last-minute adjustments are common, and while things may start on time, they may not end on time. In fact, business meetings and social events both seem to be open-ended affairs. Be punctual, but stay flexible.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> Saudi Arabia is essentially very polychronie, due to the influence of both agrarian and religious traditions. The clock is definitely not the determinant of action; it plays a role most certainly, particularly in the larger, more modern urban areas, and there is an acceptance of Western organizational ideas (Westerners should not be late, for example). Nevertheless, there is forgiveness for the inevitable delays, and understanding when things don't go as planned or scheduled; people may or may not show up at invited events, things may or may not happen as planned. Things take the time they take, that's an (the concept of “buqrah”). Muslim laws even view planning too far into the future-or planning at all in some cases-as heretical, for it presumes that individuals can control events that are essentially in the hands of A1lah. Even today, schedules tend to be loose and flexible; the workday begins around 9 A.M. and ends around 4 p.M. Most workers take an hour break after lunch. Because who (relationships) is more important than what (tasks) or when (time), there can be many interruptions during a meeting, and people's obligations to other people, who come and go, are more important than doing things according to schedules. If you are being kept waiting, or are ignored because of someone else's needs*, it is an indication of your importance relative to the other person, and expressing frustration over being kept waiting only diminishes your importance.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> The region is mainly polychronic and more so the farther south you go through the Balkan Peninsula. Slovenians are fairly monochronic, in both their social and business dealings (you should arrive pretty much on time for business meetings and for social dinners); as you move through Croatia and Serbia, and in Macedonia and Bulgaria, time becomes much more fluid, and meetings and dinners alike may be delayed by between fifteen and thirty minutes; the golden rule is to arrive on time, and be prepared to wait.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> The Swedish culture is essentia11y monochronic; punctuality is important in both the business world and personal life. However, life is not as rigidly compartmentalized as, say German monochronism, and here “lagom” also demands moderation in the separation of the personal and the professional, fun and work. Swedes easily mix these clements together, believing that it makes for a better life. This supports the Swedish belief in a kind of utopianism: that a good life is available for most, if moderation and concern for others remain the primary motivation of the individual. Careful planning is important, and the Swede (as is the case again for most Scandinavians) is not automatically open to new and different ideas: time must be taken for careful analysis and to allow opportunities to be evaluated by every one involved. Changing schedules at the last minute is seen as very careless.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Rule_or_Relationship&diff=3060 2021-04-10T11:36:51Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; A culture might place a value on devising system for organizing life, creating interconnected rules and regulations that must apply universally to all, whi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> A culture might place a value on devising system for organizing life, creating interconnected rules and regulations that must apply universally to all, while another culture might place more emphasis on the personal relationships that exist among people as the determinant of how to do things. So we have cultures that are '''rule''' oriented, and others that are '''relationship''' oriented.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> As in all Latin cultures. facts and rules are important in Argentina, but never exclusive to determining action, Feelings, the obligations of relationships. and subjective experience are critical, and the Argentine is always balancing all three in weighing issues and making decisions. <br /> <br /> In Argentina, time is well-spent on developing the personal relationship (trust and simpatico, or an implicit sense of understanding); attempts to discuss the terms of the deal or the immediate task at hand without having built the necessary personal trust and understanding is often a waste of time.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> It is often said that Judeo-Christian values are the basis for behavior in the United States. However, these seem to be eroding and being replaced by ego- and ethnocentrism.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> Australians take great comfort in having designed a system and a society that for them pretty much takes care of most of what a society needs. While there is no doubt that who one knows goes a long way in determining how one lives in the world, the Australian demands the development of and adherence to systems, processes, rules. and regulation that work for most of the people most of the time (aborigines. and perhaps others with non-European backgrounds, excluded). Specific situations generally do not determine right from wrong, nor are they justifiable criteria for decision making.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> While there are many rules imposed by the hierarchy from above. the control factor in Chinese society is the relationship between individuals. These important connections. And the obligations that arise from them, is known as guanxi. There has historically been little else that one could depend upon in China. There is, even today, no really dependable legal system for redress (civil, business, or otherwise); only recently is there a financial system; there is no representative political system. <br /> <br /> The one dependable thing in the Chinese world is the spider like network of relationships and obligations that one builds with others, usually friends and family. This will determine future action. The Westerner usually accomplishes a task. and is freed by the discharging of his or her responsibility; the Chinese. by taking care of a task, are obligating themselves further with the other person. so that in the future, new action and claims for action can be made. There is little distinction in this universe between professional and personal, and how one behaves professionally is a statement of his or her value to the other personally.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> As in all Latin cultures, but again more so, due to the rigidity of Colombian tradition, formal rules around in Colombia, but informal ways of getting around the rule, around equally. There is an e,established pattern of behavior that encourages the circumvention of rule, from above by those clever enough or with connections. Therefore, relationships – not rules -- rule. This results in everything from minor day-to-day corruption (some form of &quot;payment&quot; needs to be made in order to get someIl1mg done, whether if, to void a traffic ticket or win government approval of a project) to major insurrection (guerrilla resistance).<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> While many Congolese have had experience with and in the West, the tension that exists between the application of universal rules over reliable and dependable relationships is palpable. especially under current circumstances. where legitimacy for the imposition of rule, i, challenged, This leads to a high dependence on power, authority, and subjective decision making based on the situation and the relationships between the individuals involved. Ultimately, face-to-face knowledge of the individuals involved in any interaction is the basis upon which final decisions are often made.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> While many Egyptians have had experience with and in the West, the tension that exists between the application of universal rules over reliable and dependable relationships is palpable. This leads for many to a high dependence on power, authority. and subjective decision making based on the situation and the relationships between the individuals involved. Ultimately, face-to-face knowledge of the individuals involved in any interaction is the basis upon which final decisions are often made.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> A curious blend of the two opposing traditions here: the aristocratic, Anglican, monarchist tradition emphasizes the importance of individual relationships, which is tied to class and who one is and who one knows. However, the democratic reformist tradition is very powerful in Britain today, and the British are sometimes seen as real sticklers for doing things by the book-no matter who, no matter what. Here again, which tradition has the upper hand depends upon whom one is with and the circumstances. Americans in Britain will constantly be confounded by requirements that are applied to all, while seeing, at a distance, clear evidence that many are exempt from the same strictures.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> Class-based, or hierarchically determined, organization inevitably means heavy dependence upon rules and structures. However, this dependency also leads to the peculiarly Latin notion that when the rules don't work (and they often don't), the successful individual is one who can find a way around them; and this means, more often than not, depending upon someone influential with whom one has a particular relationship. This is an important issue in France, and the balance between the creation of rules that serve all, and the need to limit the degree that personal position can preclude one from having to follow those same rules, is always hotly debated. If you are in a privileged position in the French hierarchy (either in society or business), the rules more or less work in your favor, and as you go down the pyramid, it becomes more and more important to be &quot;c]ever,&quot; to know the right person, and to find unique ways to get around the sometimes restraining and often conflicting regulations.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> Rules in Germany are made to be obeyed (this is distinctly different south of the A]ps, in the Latin cultures, where rules, essentially. are made to be broken). The rules can be explicit (do not cross the street if the light is red) or implicit (never wash your car on a Sunday morning); in either case. you need to know the rules.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Practically, immediate situations determine decisions and action; this means that there is a strong dependence on knowing the right people and on accepting the benefits of influence. However, there is also an understanding that this may not he morally correct, and as such, there is much concern whenever such behavior becomes apparent, as universal rules and systems are held in high moral regard.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> There is much less concern for abstract moralizing, and more concern for doing what is best given the situation and the people involved. Systems and processes are questioned, and generally not seen as benefiting only those who create them. Subjective relationships and whom you know determine the outcome of things (along with forces that are beyond your control). This is revealed in a &quot;here-and-now&quot; attitude: what is best for all involved in the immediate given situation, after considering all factors, is usually what determines the chosen action.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> The explicit bureaucratic rules, of course, can sometimes be baffling (and contradictory I) in their byzantine complexity, and the implicit social rules must be, if not mastered, at least respected. In either case, the ultimate determinant of human action is the flesh and-blood relationships within and between families. friends, and neighbors; therefore, family histories, marriages, and associations are critically important.<br /> <br /> In the north, this condition is less severe; in the south, it is everything – effectively leading to the existence and the power of the Mafia in Sicily. As civil government vainly attempts to keep order through the application of universal law, organized groups based on subjective relationships rise to fill the vacuum.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> The requirement for rules, order, and structure, however. does not inevitably lead to rule orientation as a fundamental value. In fact. while some of these rules. structures. and hierarchies mandatory, much is based on relationships, rules that can only be inferred or learned &quot;off line.&quot; In fact, Japan is extremely relationship oriented; that is, what will ultimately determine someone's action or decision is not only the ritual code, but the relationship that exists between the individuals or organizations involved, and the circumstance in which the decision must be made or the action taken. This is one of the reasons for the old-boy network, and the difficulty Japan has in disestablishing its authority.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> While many Nigerians have had experience with and in the West, the tension that exists between the application of universal rules over reliable and dependable relationships is palpable. This leads to a high dependence on power, authority, and subjective decision making based on the situation and the relationships between the individuals involved. Ultimately, face-to-face knowledge of the individuals involved in any interaction is the basis upon which final decisions are often made.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Situations, not rules systems, typically determine action. The particulars of the moment (based who one is and who the other players in the action are), as opposed to abstract systems and universal rules, will determine what is right and wrong, and what is done, most of the time. “Utang na loob”, or the constant building and fulfilling (not discharging) of obligations between individuals, is the grease that keep society going.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Rules can be complex (especially when working with government agencies) and bothersome, but are always subordinate to the individual relationships one has with authorities who may be able to overcome the rules. Clever Poles either know someone who can get them out of a jam, or help them take advantage of a favorable opportunity, or are themselves ingenious enough to make a situation work in their favor, despite the existence of rules that are supposed to be for the welfare and benefit of all. The Polish experience has been that official rules were never designed for the benefit of all, and that systems and processes, while perhaps a theoretically good idea, mainly benefited only those who instituted them, leaving most others to fend for themselves. The Western belief that processes and systems, rules and regulations, can be created for the universal benefit of society was the result of western European events, such as the Enlightenment, which never occurred in or had a minimal impact on most of eastern Europe. Therefore, while there may be a great interest in, and almost admiration for, Western thought and philosophy in Poland, there is little experience to justify its benefits; for example, the German methodological tradition more than once became a political threat to Poland. Poles will as easily rely on their subjective intuitive notions of right and wrong, beliefs, and their personal relationships to make decisions, as they will on processes, rules, and systems.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Rules can be complex (especially when working with government agencies) and bothersome, but they are always subordinate to the individual relationships one has with powers that may be able to overcome the rules. Clever Russians either know someone who can get them out of a jam, or help them take advantage of a favorable situation, or are themselves clever enough to make a situation work in their favor, despite the existence of rules that are supposed to be for the welfare and benefit of all. The Russian experience has been that official rules were never designed for the benefit of all, and that systems and processes mainly benefited only those who instituted them, leaving most others to fend for themselves. And while in much of eastern Europe there may be some valuing and understanding of how individuals co~ benefit from the universal application of rules and systems, in Russia, rules and systems are applied for the benefit of the state (the modern-day mir), not individuals; individuls need to find a way through or around the rules on their own. Russians will more easily rely on their subjective notions of right and wrong and their personal relationships to control their lives than they will on processes, rules, and systems. It's not that they don't understand it (although that might in some cases be part of it); it's that it simply doesn't count in their experience.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> While many Saudis have had experience with and in the West, Islamic law, not West rules, are the rules that are followed, and these are applied universally if they are universal (i.e., part of Islamic law), and subject to interpretation and uneven application if nonuniversal. This leads to a high dependence on power, authority, and subjective decision-making based on the situation and the relationships between the individuals involved. Ultimately, face-to-face knowledge of the individuals involved in any interaction is the basis upon which final decisions are often made.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Relationships define reality in this very unstable environment. A Serb once commented to me that he was sure democracy would never succeed in his country because people were being asked to trust in the one thing that historically they could never trust in and which would in the end always be seen as yet another foreign invasion: a democratic system. He went on to say that the only thing the average Serb could rely on was his relationship with trusted family and friends, and that the obligations inherent in this relationship would outlive any foreign idea. Right and wrong, good and bad, what to do and what not, all are determined by the subjective interpretation of reality based on how it affects the personal relationships of the individuals involved and how such relationships can, in turn, impact the situation.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> In Sweden, rules and order are essential, and it is believed that the universal application of rules is the best way to treat all people fairly and equally. There is great consideration for the individual requirements that individuals and differing groups have regarding similar issues.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Hierarchy_or_Egality&diff=3059 2021-04-10T11:35:29Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; Cultures might insist on honoring a societal hierarchy, structure, and organization, and they do so with all sorts of perks: titles, rank, different signs...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Cultures might insist on honoring a societal hierarchy, structure, and organization, and they do so with all sorts of perks: titles, rank, different signs of respect, different roles for men and woman, and so on. Other cultures deemphasize the importance of such things, preferring to treat everyone as equals. So we have cultures that are '''hierarchy''' and organization oriented, and on the opposite end of the spectrum, cultures that are '''egality''' oriented.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> Hierarchy and power are still rigidly determined, and unlike some other areas in Latin America where the church has recently played a revolutionary role, the church in Argentina is a particularly conservative institution, tied, as it was at the beginning. to the privileged class.<br /> <br /> Argentina society is stratified with in individuals at the top typically having decision-making authority, but always being challenged. While machismo is still strong, woman are playing an increasingly large role in business and politics.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> As discussed, this is a very egalitarian-oriented society. There must not be any undue display of unearned deference. People are respected for what they have achieved, and usually this achievement is measured by how it has benefited the majority of other people. Anything else-family, background, wealth, advantage-is not cause, in and of itself, for any display of deference or respect. Subsequently, it is also a very informal culture. It is said that Australia has the world's highest percentage of labor strikes; if you listen to management, this is mainly due to the fact that labor perceives itself as equal to management and doesn't care about what is in the best interests of the general population, that is, a strong economy. Managers simply cannot &quot;tell&quot; workers what to do. Managers must decide. involve, and explain.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> Structure and hierarchy are critical at all levels in Chinese society--in the home. at school. in the military. and in business. A Confucian formality has developed around what one does and with whom; it is essential to show the proper respect for individuals, depending on their rank and position. in order to succeed in China. Hierarchy is honored through humility and having face: this is done &quot;lowering.&quot; or minimizing oneself. In fact. one makes more of oneself, and raises one's esteem in the eyes of others, by doing so. This emphasis on hierarchy also normalizes unequal relationships: it is, after all. natural (at least according to Confucian ideas) that some be in charge and others nut, that some have power and others not, that some dictate and others follow.<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> In Colombia. hierarchy and power arc still rigidly determined. and unlike other area, in Latin America where the church has played a revolutionary role, the church in Colombia is a particularly conservative institution, tied. as it was at the beginning, to the privileged class&quot;.<br /> <br /> The traditions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and the viceroy have played a powerful role in determining who docs what and when. Subsequently, the Colombian workplace is rigidly stratified, with the individual at the top (el jefe or el patron) -- &quot;the boss&quot;) having supreme decision-making authority (but only in a way that honors his role as leader in the group) and the support staff being required to follow step. challenge as little as possible, and solve all problems before they surface at the top. In civic life. this means that government, which is supposed to be democratic. often fails to be. and individuals have allegiance to their immediate local leadership. whatever form that might take, In this most macho of all Latin American cultures. women and men are rigidly separated in their social roles, as is the case more or less throughout a11 of Latin America; machismo in this &quot;conquistador culture&quot; is perhaps more powerful than in any other Latin American country.<br /> <br /> Women should not go out unaccompanied at any time (the &quot;chaperone&quot; concept is alive and we11 in Colombia today, and single women of any age are often required to have one). Of course. there arc women who achieve high levels in both government and business (many Colombian women are involved in politics). but they do not represent most women.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> Both Congolese secular life and ethnic group membership (as well as Islamic life for Muslims) is rigidly stratified, with three or four generations of the extended family traditionally living together (this is not necessarily the case in the cities); individuals within this highly stratified social structure play their roles-children, women, and men in relation to one another, hosts in relation to guests, religious leaders and other elders in relation to the community, Defining for others one's rank, therefore, is important, and status symbols (for example, the jewelry that women wear. the ritual scarification imposed by the ethnic group, or the pattern used on the traditional robe) are traditionally important. It is critical that everyone show respect for elders and the devout, and, in the current circumstances, the politically powerful.<br /> <br /> Women and men are different and perform different roles: in Congo. a woman typically may go out in public alone. but she will probably prefer to go with other female friends or relatives. She need not he in the company of a close male relative (husband. father, son or brother) and Muslim women generally will not wear a veil: in fact. although all group are male dominated. Congolese women in general do play a significant role in public life, especially in the western part of the country.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> As Muslims, all people are technically equal in their submission to Allah and his will: however, Arabs ,structure the secular world with clearly assigned roles, so that Allah's will can be fulfilled effectively. Additionally, Egyptian secular life is rigidly stratified, from the “fellahin” to shopkeepers to government officials, and hierarchy and rank define one's position in society. It is critical that everyone show respect for elders and devout Muslims, and men for women, sons for fathers, older brothers for younger brothers, and so on. <br /> <br /> All individuals have a role to play in this hierarchy. and are responsible to others and the greater Arab community to fulfill their role. There is a saying in Arabic, &quot;The eye cannot rise above the eyebrow&quot;: it means that people must know their station and position in life, and make the best of it. Women and men are different and perform different roles, more or less: in Egypt a woman typically may go out in public alone, but she will probably prefer to go with other female friends or relatives.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> Here, too, we see an existence, side by side, of the two contradictory traditions in Britain. There is what has become known as the &quot;great and the good&quot;: that combination in Britain of civil servants (from the &quot;right&quot; families and schools), aristocrats, church leaders, and wealthy scions of industry who, in effect, determine how society runs. <br /> <br /> The direct result is a class system that is still rigid and distinct by most standards, membership in any one class being identified by such factors as occupation, speech, dress, and taste. The belief that this system has value is so strong that it is often considered wrong or &quot;bad form&quot; to act as if one wanted out of one's class and into another, no matter what class one starts out in. This runs smack against the American glorification of the poor little lad who grew up in a log cabin to become president, or of Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches stories.<br /> <br /> Remember, in feudal England, the landlord had everything and never had to work for it; the serf worked all his life and never had anything to show for it. Effort, or striving, has, in this tradition a distinctly negative connotation, for it is associated with the serf; the remarkable formula of &quot;Effort Equals Reward&quot; is a revolutionary Puritan notion (coming out of the Protestant idea that individuals can demonstrate their worthiness directly. to Go,d) adopted by Americans and revolutionary Englishmen.<br /> <br /> This situation has resulted in, among other things, a management class that was, at least until very recently, very distant from the workers ; a disbelief in the rewards of hard work; managers who were distinguished by their ability to withhold information; and the need to have personal relationships with particular individuals in order to get certain things done. It also results in a subtle disrespect for anything that is &quot;achieved,&quot; as the greater glory is in being able to humbly demontrate innate (i.e., ascribed) ability. In Britain, about the only places where all classes were equal on a day-to-day basis were, and are, the queue and the pub. The pub has been known as the great equalizer, for it is where all citizens have equal access to all others (that's assuming, of course, that all classes will patronize the same pub, which they don't).<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> For a thousand years, French life was feudal, structured, and class based. Then, in one defining moment, reality changed, and the French have been struggling ever since to create a rational structure in which the goals of the Revolution could be achieved. This results in a powerful emphasis in French daily life on the importance of organization, structure, and hierarchy. One does not change the way things are done easily or quickly, for to make change in the hierarchy means doing something revolutionary. Consequently, the French rigidly oppose change for change's sake, while perhaps acknowledging (or certainly debating) the possible need for it; this has historically meant a slow but steady buildup of volcanic forces that eventually break through in the form of civil unrest and revolutionary change. <br /> <br /> In France, the rules, the structure, and the organization are more important than efficiency, experimentation, flexibility, or individual circumstance. During the monarchy, French ministers would wrap their official documents in red ribbon for the king's approval--hence the term &quot;red tape.&quot; Bureaucracy, administrative detail. and rigid hierarchical organization have defined the French organization (and French society) ever since. Related to this is a tendency toward strong centralization, with decision making located within smaller and smaller groups as one ascends to the top of the hierarchical pyramid. There are many examples of this in all aspects of French life: whom one needs to see (or wait for) in business, the architecture of “les etoiles”, the circles and radiating boulevards in the streets of Paris: the spiral arrondisement (administrative district) system of the city: the fact that all schoolchildren of any particular grade throughout France arc following the same curriculum at the same pace, as laid out by the Ministry of Education, centralized in Paris.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> There is a strong hierarchy in daily life (and business) in Germany, the result of the feudal experience and the need for strong decision- and rule-making systems. It is a formal culture in which relationships are not made quickly, roles are observed, and rank has its privilege.<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the relationships between individuals of different social strata are not necessarily distant (as can be the case in Latin European cultures), and the formality of daily life provides a way for promoting cooperative and smooth interpersonal relationships between all people, socially and at work. The relationship between the local prince and his people in feudal Germany was generally an effective and ecologically balanced system, and it is no coincidence that the modem German business organization mirrors this arrangement.<br /> <br /> Within the German business unit, there is a definite hierarchy, with the manager on the top, but there is also smooth, harmonious, and curiously open communication within the structure, with everyone performing their role and following the rules.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> Individual expression. however, is not the samc as individual empowerment, which is defined solely by one',; position in society. The caste system has laid down a rigid hierarchy as a way of organizing society at all levels in the home, at school, on the streets, and at work.<br /> <br /> Always start at the highest possible levels, and be sensitive to the fact that your position and authority arc being judged. A strong formality has developed in which people are treated according to their rank and status. Unlike the Pacific Rim countries, where the emphasis is on humility, one's rank in the system in India is demonstrated by the expression of authority from above and the deference shown to such authority from below. There is little concern for face: there is great concern for knowing one's place and acting accordingly. This emphasis on hierarchy also normalizes unequal relationships: it is, after a]], natural that some be in charge and others not, that some have power and others not, that some dictate and others follow. Those above absolutely make the decisions for those below.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> Structure and hierarchy are critical at all levels in Indonesian society -- in the home, at school, in the military, and in business. Indonesians must know where you, they, and anyone else they come in contact with fit in the hierarchy of the society. Therefore a strong formality has developed in which people are treated according to their rank and status. Hierarchy is honored through humility and making face; this done by &quot;lowering.&quot; or minimizing, oneself. In fact, one makes more of oneself and raises one's esteem in the eyes of others, by not causing others to lose face or be embarrassed (“malu” is loss of face and pride; people will go to great lengths to avoid this happening to them or be the cause of it for others). Women and men, young and old, all have separate roles in society. This emphasis on hierarchy also normalizes unequal relationships: it is, after all, natural that some be in charge and some not, that some have power and some not, that some dictate and some follow. The higher-ups make the decisions.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> In larger traditional Italian businesses, the “cordata”, or chain of command, strictly determines how the organization is run; it is a rigidly organized pyramid, and represents the belief in hierarchy and levels of status that imposes itself on all aspects of Italian society (and that makes daily life through the resulting bureaucracy so frustrating; one response, of course, by individuals is to be clever enough to find ways around it, and one's ability to do this, for themselves and their family, is a source of pride and bella figura). There is great respect for age and for power, and men automatically have authority in business over women. This concern for structure and hierarchical organization is equally evident in both the north and south.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> Structure and hierarchy are critical at all levels in Japanese society -- in the home, at school, in the military, and in business. A formality has developed around what one does and with whom: it is necessary to show the proper respect for individuals, depending on their rank and position, and performing the correct ritual behavior is essential in order to succeed in Japan. Hierarchy is honored through humility: this is done by &quot;Iowering&quot; or minimizing oneself. In fact, one makes more or oneself, and raises one's esteem in the eyes or others, by doing so. This is one of the foundations for the self-effacing behavior exhibited by the Japanese when they find themselves to he at the center of attention, for the formal how upon greeting, for the endless apologies for wrongs committed or not.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> Both Nigerian secular life and ethnic group membership (as well as Islamic life for Muslims) are rigidly stratified, with three or four generations of the extended family traditionally living together (this is not necessarily the case in the cities); individuals within this highly stratified social structure play their roles -- children, women, and men in relation to one another, hosts in relation to guests. Religious leaders and other elders in relation to the community. <br /> <br /> Defining one's rank, therefore, is important, as are status symbols (for example. the jewelry that women wear, the ritual :,clarification imposed by the ethnic group, and the pattern used on the traditional robe). It is critical that everyone show respect for elders and devout Muslims.<br /> <br /> Women and men are different and perform different roles: in Nigeria a woman typically may go out in public alone, but she will probably prefer to go with other female friends or relatives. She need not be in the company of a close male relative (husband. father. son, or brother), and Muslim women generally will not wear a veil; in fact. although all groups are male-dominated. Nigerian women in general do play a more significant role in public life: they work. are represented in the intellectual community, and arc active in politics.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> Structure and hierarchy are critical at all levels-in the home, at school, in the military, and in business. Filipinos must know where you, they, and anyone else they come in contact with fit in the hierarchy of things. Therefore, a strong formality has developed in which people are treated according to their rank and status. However, perhaps because of the American experience, hierarchy is not so much honored as it needed and expected.<br /> <br /> Unlike other hierarchically oriented Asian cultures, this need for structure does not imply the normalcy of unequal relationships: there is the belief t while one needs to understand the roles that people play in society, these roles are changeable, not necessarily fixed or given. This is a subtle but import distinction in the region. Yet those in charge make the decisions, for as long as they are in charge. It is a very autocratic society.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> There is a strong need for structure and organization, with power and authority coming from above. At the same time, because of the Communist experience (only the most recent in a long historical line of imposed authority), there is curiosity and a keen interest (especially among the young) in more egalitarian structures and relationships. Working in a traditional Polish organization means working within a definite hierarchy, and having access to decision makers means having the ear of the top team (group orientation usually means that there may be more than one individual identified as a decision maker). Although there was a revolution against the Polish Communist system, the church and family life fill this need for structure today: while citizens may no longer be subordinate to the state, within the family, younger is subordinate to older, women are subordinate to men, students are subordinate to teachers, and staff is subordinate to the boss.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> There is a strong need for structure and organization, with power and authority coming from above. There is great distrust over many Western ways of doing things, of empowering individuals, for in the Russian experience, empowered individuals merely enslaved others. Under Communism, from their perspective, the state made sure that no one person had more than anyone else. Of course, everyone recognizes that the system became thoroughly corrupt; however, many view the chaos of the moment as something far worse -- the same corruption prevails, but there is no structure at all to guarantee the people anything.<br /> Working in a traditional Russian organization means working within a definite hierarchy, and having access to decision makers means having the ear of the top team (group orientation usually means that there may be more than one individual identified as the decision maker). Even in the very bureaucratic Soviet structure, the decision maker at the top always solicited input from the group below, in a kind of upward consensus building, before issuing his fiat.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> As Muslims, all people are technically equal in their submission to Allah and his will; however, Arabs structure the secular world with clearly assigned roles, so That Allah's will can be fulfilled effectively. It is critical that everyone show respect for elders and devout Muslims, and men for women, sons for fathers, older brothers for younger brothers, and so on. All individuals have a role to play in this hierarchy, and are responsible to others and the greater Arab community to fulfill their role. Those above absolutely make the decisions for those below, and those ultimately in charge the Islamic rulers and their “mataween”, have ultimate authority. There is a saying in Arabic, &quot;The eye cannot rise above the eyebrow&quot;: it means that people must know their station and position in life, and make the best of it. Women and men- are different and perform different roles: in Saudi Arabia a woman typically may not go_out in public alone, or in the company of a man who is not a near relative (husband, father, son, or brother); if she does, both she and the man risk punishment, including jail.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> There is a strong need for structure and organization, with power and authority coming from above. Most organizations that function have very rigid chains of command; having access to decision makers means having the ear of the top team. In social life, the rules of etiquette still require men to defer to women in public, and younger people to defer to their elders.<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> Organizational structures are typically flat and not overly burdened with hierarchy: those with authority do not flaunt it. Decisions are made by superiors with input from their subordinates. Status and rank are generally not overtly displayed: anything ostentatious is usually discounted. In the family, children are raised to be independent thinkers at an early age, and men and women share the roles of breadwinners and nurturers equally (housewives and househusbands are both common; each is involved in the tasks of raising children and making a home), At work, women and men can equally share most functions; less distinction is made between the roles of men and women at work (and in society in general) in Sweden (and in the rest of Scandinavia) than in most other parts of the world.<br /> <br /> The value of each individual is highly respected, as an important part of the larger Swedish organization, The goal in Swedish society (and this is true else where in Scandinavia) is to minimize the differences between groups and individuals. The Swedish concept of “lagom” is critical: it means that nothing should be in excess, nothing 'should be in the extreme. The best course is always the middle one, and this translates, in organizational terms, to businesses (and societies) being organized and run with the concerns of the majority being preeminent.</div>

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<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Introduction&#039;&#039;&#039; Some cultures rewards individuals for standing out, empowering them to make decisions on their own, while other cultures insist that individuals fit into t...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Some cultures rewards individuals for standing out, empowering them to make decisions on their own, while other cultures insist that individuals fit into the group, making sure that no one does anything without the consent and support of others. So we have cultures that are '''other-independent''', and on the opposite end of the spectrum, cultures that are '''other-dependent.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> As is the case with most countries in the region-due, in part, to the heavy influence of Roman Catholicism-Argentinian behavior is often significantly &quot;other-dependent.&quot;<br /> <br /> Most individuals will seek, either formally or informally, the opinions and support of family, friends, and coworkers before venturing off to do or say something on their own, While individuals are responsible for their decisions, the group in all its forms (extended family, work relationships, community) plays a powerful role in the decisions that individuals make.<br /> <br /> A consequence of this. of course, is a resistance to the outsider, and a need for all outsiders to become associated with members of the in-group as soon as possible. Causing someone to lose face. or experience embarrassment. public ridicule, or criticism of any kind is a great insult in this other-dependent culture; here, how one is thought of by others is an important concern in life. Dis[ite this strong need to look good in the eyes of others, the individual must bear responsibility for him- or herself in the world. This may present itself in behavior that appears to be individualistic : however, most of time, the motive for the behavior is group acceptance and respect.<br /> <br /> == America ==<br /> The English value the individualist; that is, someone who develops his or her unique identity within the group, within the borders. Americans value individualism; that is, the idea that one should separate him- or herself from the group and strike out on one's own.<br /> <br /> In the United States the culture is very ethnocentric, and so it is closed to most outside information. It is very analytical, and concepts are abstracted quickly. Innovation often takes precedence over tradition. The universal rule is preferred, and company policy is followed regardless of who is doing the negotiating.<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> Individualism is highly valued in Australia, and personal responsibility is a very important and positive personal characteristic. But for the Australians, like their English cousins, individualism does not mean independence from others, as it does often in the United States. The Australian cowboy, unlike his American counterpart, could not survive out in the barren wilds of the Australian outback without the support of others, his &quot;mates&quot;; this severe topography, coupled with the British tradition of finding one's way within society, not despite it, are the roots of this value.<br /> <br /> Australians often find Americans too concerned about how they appear, or whether or not they are agreeable, or if they are fitting in okay, or what others think. precisely because the Australian views the American as someone who has had to form his or her identity independent of society and therefore doesn't ever really know who he or she is. Americans. on the other hand. often find Australians to be emotionally unconcerned, almost challenging. cynical, and disrespectful, precisely because, from the Australian point of view. they seem to know exactly who they are and where they fit in society, and don't need to prove anything to anyone.<br /> <br /> == China ==<br /> While being essentially a group-oriented culture, China also has a powerful tradition of individual responsibility: the peasant farmer and shopkeeper were often alone in the world, having to eke out an existence without the support of the government.<br /> <br /> There is a powerful sense of self-reliance among individuals, which is often in conflict with greater uncontrollable realities (and a belief in such), including an overarching communal ethic that today is represented in the state. (The state is, in a sense. as were the dynasties, the final and ultimate &quot;group:' which is why group orientation in China has often been xenophobic: out-groups stay out, and members within the group are drawn in closer. The great Middle Kingdom of China. seeing Itself as the center _e world. is an example of this. Only recently has the leadership of China left the country to go out into the rest of the world; traditionally, if you wanted to do business with the Chinese, you went, as Marco Polo and millions of Westerners after him did, to China.) Dependency upon others often takes the form of communal goals being achieved by many individuals repeating the same task over and over again (think about how the Great Wall was built or how a communal rice field is harvested; there is a saying in Chinese: &quot;Endurance can turn an iron bar into a needle&quot;). This is one of the reasons for the reticence of th_ Chinese to deal with Western notions of individual rights. and for the West's difficulty understanding Chinese concepts of group rights (as in the duplication of proprietary material for dissemination and profit).<br /> <br /> == Colombia ==<br /> As is the case with most countries in the region-due. in part, to the heavy influence of Roman Catholicism --Colombian behavior can be viewed as significantly &quot;other-dependent.&quot; Most individuals will seek, either formally or informally, the opinions and support of family, friends, and coworkers before venturing off to do or say something on their own. While individuals are responsible for their decisions, the group in all its forms (extended family, coworkers, community) plays a powerful role in the decisions that individuals make, as it does in a]] Latin cultures, Roscas, or informal decision-making groups made up of powerful individuals in their field (be it at work, in the community, or as drug mafia-type bosses), play a powerful role in pressuring individuals to act in particular ways, appropriate to their role in any given situation. Individuals are simply not part of society unless they can claim membership to or affiliation with some group, neighborhood, town. or business organization_ consequence of this, of course, is a resistance to the outsider. and a need for' all outsiders to become associated with members of the in-group as soon as possible in order to be accepted.<br /> <br /> Causing loss of face. embarrassment. public ridicule. or criticism of any kind is a great insult in this other-dependent culture; here. how one is thought of by others is one of the most important concerns in life, Despite this strong need to look good in the eyes of others. the individual must bear responsibility<br /> for him- or herself in the world, In Colombia. every individual is unique and has the right to advance his or her own ,way in the world. as long as it is done with consideration for others; the proof of the value of one's individual behavior is whether and the degree to which it positively affects the lives of others. Therefore. individual Colombian pride. based mainly on one's role. achievements. and \eve I in society. is strong. a representation of one's role in the larger society, and can easily be insulted.<br /> <br /> == Congo ==<br /> There is a combination of deep concern for family, clan, and other membership groups (such as work and religion) that defines an individual and individual expression. Congolese, like all Africans, have a hierarchical sense of loyalties, beginning with their family, and then, in descending order of importance, their ethnic group. their religion, their home village, their country, their region, and their continent, and the current circumstances only serve to emphasize the distinctions between &quot;in&quot; and &quot;out&quot; groups. Congolese are deeply connected first to their clan and their families: for that reason, it is critical that one inquire about the health of all family members. How one performs his or her role vis-a-vis others is judged in Africa. and individuals do nothing_without careful consideration for how their actions will be perceived and for the impact their actions will have on their family and their community. Consequently, individual empowerment and decision making are rare, and consensus-building and confirming group agreement are critical. Sharing. concern for others. Humility, and an acceptance -- without anger. remorse. or hostility -- of one's role, at least within and for one's group. are all hallmarks of Central African and Congolese culture.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> There is a combination of deep concern for family, clan, and other membership groups (such as work and religion), that defines an individual and individual expression. Egyptians, like all Arabs, are deeply connected first to their clan and their families: (this is an intensely private life (and therefore, one needs to be very careful about inquiring about the family, among other things).<br /> <br /> However, individual pride, and how one is seen by others, is perhaps the most important aspect of Arab culture that non-Arabs need to be sensitive to. It is not a heightened sense of individualism separate from others: in fact. it is the opposite. Because of one's intricate relationships with others (there is an old saying that an Arab has one thousand close relatives), one is always keenly aware of how one is being perceived and of one's obligations to others. It is very important that you always show great respect for your Egyptian colleague. Arab pride must be supported and respected.<br /> <br /> == England ==<br /> The English value the individualist; that is, someone who develops his or her unique identity within the group, within the borders. Americans value individualism; that is, the idea that one should separate him- or herself from the group and strike out on one's own. <br /> <br /> This allows for acceptance in Britain of the &quot;eccentric,&quot; while in the United States the true hero is someone who achieves his or her own and in his or her own way, without the benefit of, and sometimes in defiance of, others and their rules. The U.S, tradition is, in part, the result of a successful revolution against the British &quot;rule makers,&quot; while the British tradition is the result of a long history of Anglicanism, monarchism, and of many culturally diverse peoples having to live together on a very small island. What this means today is that there is a keen sense of how one's actions in Britain play out with others, and a distrust in standing apart. Britons can find American individualism too strong, &quot;over the top,&quot; naive, and unrealistic. Americans, in turn, can find British reticence frustrating, unproductive, and too self-effacing for no apparent good.<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> The motto of the French Revolution. &quot;Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite,&quot; says a lot about how the French expect individuals to relate with each other in society. Unlike the British or Americans. the French believe that society (the group) serves the individual. Government exists to provide for the people, individuals benefit when society is organized correctly, and individual needs, in many ways, should be the responsibility of a well-ordered society.<br /> <br /> The British and American perception is more of a world in which society benefits most when individuals are able to pursue their personal goals and are free from the constraints of the government; society for Americans and Britons does its job best by staying out of the individual's way, not when it attempts to provide what the individual can better provide for him- or herself. In France, it is the other way around, but within a context of individual freedom, so that the pendulum never swings so far in France that the individual's freedom or self-identity is threatened. Once that is perceived, the pendulum has gone too far. This is representative, in many ways, of the combination of the Catholic and Latin concept of depending on the group, which was the base upon which France was historic_ founded, and the influence of the Reformation from the north, wherein salvation was dependent upon an individual's private relationship with God. The result is individual behavior that can be intensely unique, but always fitting into the structures and forms provided from above.<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> While the French emphasize the search for a precise conceptual process, the German tradition focuses on the development of an effective method that, having been proven correct through tria], application, and repetition, should not be changed. The individual is subject to established rules and systems that must be respected and followed: when order is maintained, everything is normal; when rules are broken, chaos and anarchy can result. Individuals must, therefore, effectively play their role in the &quot;well-oiled German machine&quot; if the machine is to function well for all.<br /> <br /> There is a strong drive toward the &quot;compartmentalization&quot; of life. reflected in the way time is manipulated, agendas are stuck to, doors are closed, roles are clearly defined, work and social life are clearly separated, and rules are followed.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> There is a combination of deep concern for family, clan, and other membership groups that define an individual (such as work and religion), and individual expression. Individuals arc responsible for themselves, within their group, and are expected to use their resources to advance their own agendas. Yet, individual initiative, while important, must be justified as producing results that will benefit others. and must ultimately involve others if it is to succeed.<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> There is a strong need for all involved in or affected by an action or decision to be consulted. The group orientation is very strong; individuals typically will not do things, say things, or make decisions until they are sure that those who are affected by a program or proposal have already bought into it. Family, clan, and other membership groups that define an individual (such as work and religion) are primary considerations for an action. Individual initiative, while important, must be justified as producing results that will benefit others, and must ultimately involve others if 't is to succeed.<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> Italians are other-dependent, primarily, but with a significant sense of individual or personal responsibility, and a desire to look good in the eyes of others. This Italian variety of saving face is known as bella figura, meaning &quot;beautiful face,&quot; a concept that requires one to always present oneself as &quot;correct,&quot; formal, important-in a sense, beautiful.<br /> <br /> Taken further, the idea also suggests that if one presents oneself this way, it adds to the correctness or beauty of society as a whole. Loyalty to family, friends, and close neighbors means that there is a concern for always conducting oneself correctly, to presenting bel/a figura. or the right figure, in all circumstances. One can and must, be clever enough to take care of oneself and<br /> one's own, but ultimately, it must always appear correct in the eyes of others. This concept is stronger the further south in Italy one goes. Ultimately, the group orientation in Sicily, for example, is the key ingredient of all interpersonal relationships; whom one knows is critical, and how one is seen determines how one will be treated.<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> There was a seminal experiment conducted in Japanese and American nursery schools: the teacher would provide the students with paper, paints, and paintbrushes, and instruct them to make a picture. In Japan the children would typically wait for more instruction and all the children at the table would start to work cooperatively at producing a painting. The same experiment in U.S. nursery schools produced a very different response: before the teacher was finished providing instructions, each child typically would take his or her own piece of paper and begin work on his, or her own painting. As they proceeded, the children would periodically look over at the progress being made by their colleagues at the table. Clearly, even at the tender age of four or five, very different fundamental value orientations about the best way for people to work together were already firmly in place. The Japanese continue today to be among the world's highest scorers on the &quot;other-dependent&quot; scale, while Americans continue to score very high on the &quot;other-independent&quot; scale.<br /> <br /> This tendency on the part of Japanese individuals not to do something until they are confident that it meets with the approval of others does not mean that they do not promote their own ideas, but it docs mean that until one's way has won the approval and support of others, it will be very difficult to get things done. Individuals arc rarely recognized for their sole achievements or blamed for their personal failings; face is saved, and all arc rewarded.<br /> <br /> == Nigeria ==<br /> There is a combination of deep concern for family, clan, and other membership groups (such as work and religion defines an individual and individual expression. Nigeria, like all Africans, have a hierarchical sense of loyalties, beginning with their family and then, in descending order of importance, their ethnic group, their religion, their home village, their country, their region, and their continent. <br /> <br /> Nigerians are deeply connected first to their clan and their families: for that reason, it is critical that one inquire about the health of all family members. How one performs his or her role vis-a-vis others is judged in Africa, and individuals do nothing without careful consideration for how their actions will be perceived, and for the impact their actions will have on their family and their community. Consequently, individual empowerment and decision making are rare. and consensus-building and confirming group agreement are critical. Sharing, concern for others, humility, and an acceptance-without anger, remorse, or hostility-of one's role, at least within one's group, are all hallmarks of West African and Nigerian culture.<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> There is a strong need for all involved in or affected by an action or decision to be consulted. The group orientation is very strong; individuals typically will not do things, say things, I make decisions until they are sure that those who are affected by a program or a proposal have already bought into it. However, like the conquistadores, self-pride is a powerful element: in the Philippines it is called “hiya”, or self-esteem, is related to face. When one's hiya is high, and one's individual actions benefit the group, one has “amor-propio”, a sense of oneself as an individual who do the right thing and looks good in other's eyes, and this gives one great self-esteem and individual pride. Never do anything to undermine the hiva of a Fipino or Filipina. The group of which one is a member (one's barkada), along with one's own hiya, determines in great part one's amor-propio.<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> Family and friends are everything: the in-group with which you are associated determines your field of vision and requires your loyalty, while out-groups tend to be avoided and are met, at first, with caution at best, and suspicion at worst. This means that non-Poles will be received warmly, especially if from the west (the Poles' curiosity will overcome their caution), but will need time to prove themselves in order to be treated as an insider. Poles will make every effort to host you well, in order that you, as a guest, will not experience the difficulties of daily life, and will often do this at their own sacrifice. Nevertheless, this concern for others, for membership in a greater family (your own, the neighborhood, the church, etc.), does not preclude taking personal responsibility for what happens in one's life. Within Poland today, there is a growing desire for individuals to assume greater control over their lives. The struggle for the Pole is in finding a way to gain greater individual responsibility in a world where decisions that control one's life are often still made by greater powers; this results in a rejection of personal responsibility when events are bad, and a drive for personal power (sometimes at the expense of others, rules, morality, etc.) when the opportunity appears.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> Family and friends are everything: the in-group with which you are associated determines your field of vision and requires your loyalty, while out-groups tend to be avoided and are met, at first, with caution at best, and suspicion at worst. This means that you may or may not be received warmly. Once a decision has been made about you, however, there will be no doubt: you will be hosted lavishly (and at their own great sacrifice, in most cases) or rejected out of hand. Nevertheless, this concern for others, for membership in a greater family (your own, the neighborhood, the church, etc.), does not preclude individual responsibility for what happens in one's life. The struggle for the Russian is to find a way to gain greater individual responsibility in a world where decisions that control one's life are often still made by greater powers and where the expectation that anything different will happen is more often than not fulfilled; this results in a rejection of personal responsibility when events go bad, and a drive for personal power (sometimes at the expense of others, rules, morality, etc.) when an opportunity appears.<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> There is a combination of deep concern for family, clan, and other membership groups (such as work and religion) that defines an individual and individual expression. Saudis, like all Arabs, are deeply connected first to their clan and their families: this is an intensely private life (and therefore, one needs to be very careful about inquiring about the family, among other things). However, individual pride, and how one is seen by others, is perhaps the most important aspect of Arab culture that non-Arabs need to be sensitive to. It is not a heightened sense of individualism separate from others; in fact, it is the opposite. Because of one's intricate relationships with others (there is an old saying that an Arab has one thousand close relatives), one is always keenly aware of how one is being perceived and of one's obligations to others. It is very important that you always show great respect for your Arab colleague. Arab pride must be supported and respected.<br /> <br /> == Slovenia ==<br /> Within groups, there is strong loyalty; there is an intense need to define individuals in terms of being either inside or outside the group. As an outsider, your loyalty will be tested: do not make a point of doing business with the out-group. Clans, in fact, and the associated vendettas and anarchic rule that they exercise, have been the dominant way of civic life in much of Albania (especially in the rugged mountain north).<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> This is an other-dependent culture, but without subordinating individuals and their decision-making abilities to the will of the overarching group. Individuals are encouraged to pursue activities that allow them to define themselves, to make their own decisions: however, the impact of such decisions and activities on others must always be considered. The best personal action is one that provides the most good for all, and does not harm or interfere with the social rights of others. This is another distinction between the group orientation of Sweden and other group-oriented cultures (like former Eastern European communist nations): in Sweden, individual will is honored and protected, yet the people willingly modify their personal decisions so that they are made with consideration for the needs of the greater group, There is a strong allegiance to Sweden as a nation, while, at the same time, personal privacy is ensured. Proximity does not presume friendship or business.</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3057 2021-04-10T11:31:21Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3056 2021-04-10T11:29:41Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:WT-society-news]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3055 2021-04-10T11:27:33Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]<br /> [[Category:Sector]]<br /> [[Category:Type-W]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3054 2021-04-10T11:25:52Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;([[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3053 2021-04-10T11:25:01Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma]] – Cardinal characteristics of a person ''' &lt;small&gt;[[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3052 2021-04-10T11:22:19Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics of a person]] ''' &lt;small&gt;[[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3051 2021-04-10T11:19:42Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> '''[[Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics of a person. ''' &lt;small&gt;[[Sector]])&lt;/small&gt; <br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=File:Diversity.jpg&diff=3050 2021-04-10T11:16:41Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3049 2021-04-10T11:16:11Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:diversity.jpg|left|150px|link=Prana Dharma – Cardinal characteristics|Image]]<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3048 2021-04-10T11:04:46Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:report-ro-hu-2019-x740.jpg|left|150px|link=Romania – Hungary Report 2019|Image]]<br /> The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3047 2021-04-10T11:03:24Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3046 2021-04-10T11:01:27Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.impactpublications.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&amp;ProdID=5535<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3045 2021-04-10T11:00:40Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]'''<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.impactpublications.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&amp;ProdID=5535<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3044 2021-04-10T10:58:25Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries - comparing the norms and values - what is good manner and what is not. Prana Dharma is a topic that interests everyone, especially as it impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]''' oriented.<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.impactpublications.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&amp;ProdID=5535<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is collective human expressions and civilisation is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisation. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilisation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - The cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3043 2021-04-10T10:48:53Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries about behaviour - comparing the cultural norms from the varying countries that we come from - what is good manner and what is not. There have also been group discussions from time to time where this has been talked about. Cultural things are something what may interest everyone, especially as they impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity ==<br /> The diversity is here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]''' oriented.<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.impactpublications.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&amp;ProdID=5535<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is colletive human expressions and civiliastion is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisaton. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilsation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - Tthe cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=Prana_Dharma&diff=3042 2021-04-10T10:46:24Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similar...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>The words práńa dharma mean the cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another. Just as each human being has his or her own traits, similarly an entire race living within a particular geographical, historical and cultural environment will also inhere some traits which distinguish that particular race from other. These traits or specialities are inseparably embedded in the internal behaviour of the entire population, and they help to form a particular bent of mind, expression of external behaviour, attitude towards life and society, and on the whole a different out look.<br /> <br /> Ananda Marga has rules, procedures and regulations but there is also a cultural diversity which is pre-dominating in all aspect of the organisation. Over the years there have been discussions with WT's and Margiis from different countries about behaviour - comparing the cultural norms from the varying countries that we come from - what is good manner and what is not. There have also been group discussions from time to time where this has been talked about. Cultural things are something what may interest everyone, especially as they impact on our understanding and interactions. <br /> <br /> == Cultural diversity of AM ==<br /> The cultural behaviours and thoughts are here divided in to nine orientations. Click the orientation and read what said about different countries.<br /> <br /> ''Orientations 1 to 3 do with what a culture believes to be the best ways by which people should relate to one another.''<br /> <br /> 1. '''[[Independent or Dependent]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 2. '''[[Hierarchy or Egality]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 3. '''[[Rule or Relationship]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Orientations below do with how a culture behaves in a particular situation.''<br /> <br /> 4. '''[[Monochronic or Polychronic]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 5. '''[[Risk-Taking or Risk-Averse]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 6. '''[[Past or Future]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 7. '''[[Direct or Indirect Communicator]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 8. '''[[Process or Result]]''' oriented. &lt;br&gt;<br /> 9. '''[[Formal or Informal]]''' oriented.<br /> <br /> '''[[Orientations]]''' - descriptions of each orientation.<br /> <br /> It's important to remember that very few cultures are either absolutely one way or the other in their orientation. Most fall somewhere in between, and are simply more or less inclined to one way than the other.<br /> <br /> '''Note''': With the permission of Singapore Reference Library, copied from: The Global Etiquette Guide to Europe, The Global Etiquette Guide to Asia, The Global Etiquette Guide to Latin America, and The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.impactpublications.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&amp;ProdID=5535<br /> <br /> == Stories ==<br /> * '''[[Guru Test]]''' - One Margii from each country performing a test.<br /> * '''[[The bird is telling]]''' - What would have you said, had you been passing through the forest?<br /> <br /> == AM culture ==<br /> What is the AM culture i.e. the social norms and values Baba has given. To help us to understand each other more and improve the way we communicate.<br /> <br /> Civilization is a collection of usages, manners, etiquette, formalities, ideologies<br /> and love. The culture of the entire humanity is the same, but civilization varies from<br /> society to society.<br /> <br /> ''While culture is colletive human expressions and civiliastion is refinement of the expression, values become the crucible of the degree of refinement. Ananda Marga is a new and complete Global Civilisaton. So now we all have to fit in this new global civilsation as one family''.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Rarh]]''' - Rarh was not only the starting point of civilization, Rarh represented the first ever steps towards cutural progress.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Geology and Human Civilization]]''' - Baba's Discourse, 28 December 1987, Anandanagar.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Prana Dharma]]''' - Tthe cardinal characteristic of a person which differentiates one person from another.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Psychology and character]]''' - Each and every entity, animate and inanimate, has its own particular psychology or characteristic.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/earlymem.html '''Prenatal Memory and Learning ]''' - The documentation of learning and memory months before birth is surprising.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> '''Culture Fundamentally Alters the Brain''' - It's no secret culture influences your food preferences and taste in music. But now scientists say it impacts the hard-wiring of your brain. &lt;br&gt;<br /> http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-culture-brain.html<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHY]]<br /> [[Category:WY-things-happen]]<br /> [[Category:Marga]]<br /> [[Category:Reason]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:_Commedia_School&diff=3041 2020-11-08T12:15:21Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:commedia-school-x640.jpeg|left|150px|link=Commedia School|Image]]<br /> '''The [[History: Commedia School|Commedia School]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[template:Denmark|Denmark]])&lt;/small&gt; is a 2 year actor training program founded by Ole Brekke and Carlo Mazzone in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1978, the school has started students on successful careers in many areas of performing including stage, street theater, circus, puppet theater, magic, children’s theater, performance, cabaret, and film. Performers who have been educated at The Commedia School are today found at the top of their performing professions globally.<br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:Denmark]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:_Commedia_School&diff=3040 2020-11-08T12:14:27Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:commedia-school-x640.jpeg|left|150px|link=Commedia School|Image]]<br /> '''The [[History: Commedia School|Commedia School]]''' &lt;small&gt;[[template:Denmark|Denmark]])&lt;/small&gt; is a 2 year actor training program founded by Ole Brekke and Carlo Mazzone in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1978, the school has started students on successful careers in many areas of performing including stage, street theater, circus, puppet theater, magic, children’s theater, performance, cabaret, and film. Performers who have been educated at The Commedia School are today found at the top of their performing professions globally.<br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:Denmark]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:_Commedia_School&diff=3039 2020-11-08T12:13:12Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:commedia-school-x640.jpeg|left|150px|link=Commedia School|Image]]<br /> '''The [[History: Commedia School]]''' &lt;small&gt;[[template:Denmark|Denmark]])&lt;/small&gt; is a 2 year actor training program founded by Ole Brekke and Carlo Mazzone in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1978, the school has started students on successful careers in many areas of performing including stage, street theater, circus, puppet theater, magic, children’s theater, performance, cabaret, and film. Performers who have been educated at The Commedia School are today found at the top of their performing professions globally.<br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:Denmark]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:Food_For_All_London&diff=3038 2020-11-08T12:10:48Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:food-for-all-london.jpg|left|150px|link=Food For All London|Image]]<br /> '''[[History:Food For All London | Food For All]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[template:England | England]])&lt;/small&gt; <br /> Opened in 1975 by Govinda and Meeta Lovage, Food For All is a non-profit health food store which started trading in Stoke Newington by offering grains, pulses, herbs, flours and wholefoods that were bought in bulk and packed on the premises. In time it grew to stock a wider and increasingly diverse range of health foods, supplements, cosmetics, herbs, oils and tinctures. Presently we stock more than one thousand lines.<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:Commerce]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:England]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:_Commedia_School&diff=3037 2020-11-08T12:09:05Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;Image &#039;&#039;&#039;The Commedia School&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Denmark)&lt;/small&gt; is a 2 year actor training...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:commedia-school-x640.jpeg|left|150px|link=Commedia School|Image]]<br /> '''The [[Commedia School]]''' &lt;small&gt;[[template:Denmark|Denmark]])&lt;/small&gt; is a 2 year actor training program founded by Ole Brekke and Carlo Mazzone in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1978, the school has started students on successful careers in many areas of performing including stage, street theater, circus, puppet theater, magic, children’s theater, performance, cabaret, and film. Performers who have been educated at The Commedia School are today found at the top of their performing professions globally.<br /> <br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:Denmark]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:Food_For_All_London&diff=3036 2020-11-08T12:04:59Z

<p>Admin: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:food-for-all-london.jpg|left|150px|link=Food For All London|Image]]<br /> '''[[History:Food For All London | Food For All]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[template:England | England]])&lt;/small&gt; <br /> ==History of Food For All London==<br /> Opened in 1975 by Govinda and Meeta Lovage, Food For All is a non-profit health food store which started trading in Stoke Newington by offering grains, pulses, herbs, flours and wholefoods that were bought in bulk and packed on the premises. In time it grew to stock a wider and increasingly diverse range of health foods, supplements, cosmetics, herbs, oils and tinctures. Presently we stock more than one thousand lines.<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:Commerce]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:England]]</div>

Admin https://berlinsectorpedia.eu/wikipedia/index.php?title=History:Food_For_All_London&diff=3035 2020-11-08T12:04:37Z

<p>Admin: Created page with &quot;Image &#039;&#039;&#039; Food For All&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;( England)&lt;/small&gt;...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:food-for-all-london.jpg|left|150px|link=Food For All London|Image]]<br /> '''[[History:Food For All London | Food For All]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[template:England | England]])&lt;/small&gt; <br /> <br /> ==History of Food For All London==<br /> Opened in 1975 by Govinda and Meeta Lovage, Food For All is a non-profit health food store which started trading in Stoke Newington by offering grains, pulses, herbs, flours and wholefoods that were bought in bulk and packed on the premises. In time it grew to stock a wider and increasingly diverse range of health foods, supplements, cosmetics, herbs, oils and tinctures. Presently we stock more than one thousand lines.<br /> <br /> [[Category:WHO]]<br /> [[Category:WO-result]]<br /> [[Category:Commerce]]<br /> [[Category:history]]<br /> [[Category:England]]</div>

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